Language Production
86 important questions on Language Production
How do we call the rules of grammar?
How do we call words that combine content words to give grammatical structure to the sentence?
How do we call a series of processes by which we convert a thought into language output?
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How do we call ways in which people make sense of themselves and of others to function effectively in the society?
How do we call features of language, found in all languages?
How do we call languages that use changes in tone to alter the meaning of a word?
How do we call the class of words that describe actions?
How do we call the class of words that define quantities and definiteness?
How do we call the class of words that specify the states or quality of nouns, bijvoegelijk naamwoord.
How do we call the class of words that specifies the state or quality of words that aren't nouns?
How do we call the class of words that specify spatial relationships?
How do we call the use by animals of a specific call to stand for a specific object?
How do we call the smallest sound units in a language that cause a difference of morpheme, and meaning?
How do we call different phones, that are treated as the same phoneme in a language?
How do we call the set of rules that specify which combinations of sounds are permitted in a language?
How do we call the smallest meaningful unit of a word?
How do we call the study of morphemes and their role in words?
How do we call a morpheme that needs to be attached to a free morpheme to have meaning?
How do we call the smallest grammatical unit that can be meaningfully produced on it's own?
How do we call the degree of flexibility in a language to create new sentences?
How do we call a set group of words referring to a praticular idea?
How do we call an informal pattern of speech that is considered to be non standard?
How do we call the word(group) in a sentence that indicates what is acted on or receives the action by the subject?
How do we call the ability of language that allows sentences to be extended infinitely by embedding phrases into the sentence.
How do we call the concept of multi-sentenced speech, like a dialogue, monologue. a conversation, text, etc.
How do we call the study that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning, and the understanding of the communicative functions of language?
Describe the research by stivers on conversational turn taking.
- analyzing the video recordings of informal conversations
- 10 languages from 5 different continents.
- 2-6 participants per conversation.
Describe the results of the research by stivers on conversational turn taking.
danish was the slowest (469 ms) japanes the fastest (7 ms)
What are the rules of conversation, or maxims?
- maxim of quantity
- maxim of quality
- maxim of relevance
- maxim of manner
Which rule of conversation is described; the speaker should provide accurate information
Which rule of conversation is described; the speaker should provide information that fits the topic of discussion.
Which rule of conversation is described; ambiguity and vagueness should be avoided
How do we call a group of speech disorders following brain injury?
How do we call hesitations or disruptions to the normal fluency of speech?
How do we call a part of a sentence that contains the subject and a verb?
How do we call slips of tongue, speech mistakes?
Which types of speech error are there?
- anticipation
- perseveration
- exchange errors
- blend
- additions
- deletions
- semantic substitutions
- phonological substitutions
Which type of speech error is described; substitution or repetition of a sound by a sound that occurred earlier in the word, or phrase.
Which type of speech error is described; transposition of two segments of the phrase
Which type of speech error is described; a non-word created of the combination of two semantically identical words
Which type of speech error is described; a sound is omitted
Which type of speech error is described; retrieval of an incorrect but semantically related word in a phrase
What is the pattern with switching words?
What is the pattern with switching sounds?
How do we call the principle that phonological speech errors often result in real words?
How do we call the temporary inability to access a known word?
How do we call the subjective sense of knowing that we know a word, with the tip of the tongue state?
Describe the research by Gollan, Ferreira, and Salmon on bilingual verbal fluency.
- 30 monolingual participants, 30 bilingual participants (english dominant english-spanish)
- two tasks; semantic categories and double letter categories
- 15 semantic categories in which they had to name as much words as possible per category
- 24 double latter categories (words starting with fa) in which they had to name as much words possible for each category
- 1 minute answer time per category.
- first experiment only english answers, second both languages
Describe the results of the research by Gollan, Ferreira, and Salmon on bilingual verbal fluency.
- bilingual participants produced fewer correct responses on both tasks, on both experiments
- bilingual participants took longer to come up with their first answer.
- in the second experiment, fewer responses in spanish than english
- interference between languages causes the worse performance by bilinguals
Which two substages are there in the formulation stage of language production?
- the lexicalization stage
- syntactic planning.
How do we call the substage of the formulation stage in language production where words are selected from the vocabulary to describe the concept?
How do we call an abstract conceptual form of a word that has been selected for use in the early stages of speech production. representing a specific meaning but does not have any specific sounds that are attached to it.
How do we call a lemma with a phonological form, and sounds
Describe the speech production model by Garrett.
- conceptual/inferential level
- functional level
- positional level
- phonological level
- articulation level
According to Garrets model of speech production what happens at the conceptual/inferential level?
According to Garrets model of speech production what happens at the positional level?
What does it mean to say that garrets speech production model is hierarchical?
How do we call speech errors that are due to external factors altering the planned content?
Which kind of language production models are there?
- interactive models
- serial models
What separates interactive models from serial models?
so higher levels can influence lower levels and vice versa with interaction models.
How do we call activation through a network by time steps?
Of which layers does the Dell model of speech production consists?
- semantic features
- lexical nodes
- phonological nodes
How does dell's model of speech production work?
- semantic units (properties) are activated by an external source
- activation spreads through the network
- the word unit with the highest amount of connected activated nodes in the semantic feature level is selected
- in the third time step the phonemes that form the word are selected, after which articulation is possible.
According to dells model of speech production, how does one make a speech error?
Describe how a speech error happens through dells model for speech production.
- a set of semantic features are activated.
- a semantic neighbour also possesses some of these semantic features
- therefor a little activation of this lemma is caused
- and also a little activation of the phonemes for that lemma are activated,
Which kind of speech errors can be explained through dells model of speech production?
- semantic lemma error
- sound lemma error
- mixed lemma error
- phonological error.
What kind of error is a sound lemma error and what causes it?
- a bottom up error
- phonemes of the targeted lemma are activated
- feedback from phonemes activate semantic neighbours with the same phonemes
- sound similarity causes association which causes articulation of the wrong word
What kind of error is a mixed lemma error and what causes it?
- a bottom up and top down error
- caused by activation of a lemma that is both a semantic and a phonological neighbour.
- activation from both sides
- cat and rat, both share semantic features and similar phonemes
What kind of error is a phonological error and what causes it?
- a top down and bottom up error
- selection of the wrong phonemes due to slight activation of semantic neighbours
Of which levels does Levelt's model of speech consist?
- semantic
- lemmas
- lexemes
- phonemes
How does levelt's model for speech production work?
- a stimulus is processed
- in the semantic level the concept that corresponds the most with the perceived stimulus is selected amongst semantic neighbours
- the lemma connected with the selected concept is selected
- lexeme selection based on lemma selection, without there being phonological information yet
- after that the phonemes get activated, only those off the selected lexeme.
- articulation.
In levelts model of speech production, what levels can influence each other?
- semantic can influence lemma level
- lemma can influence semantic and phonological
- phonological can't influence any level.
In levelts model of speech production where does the tip of the tongue effect occur?
How do we call the study of the relationship of brain function to language processing?
How do we call the concept where for a cognitive function one cortical hemisphere is dominant over the other for that function?
How do we call the procedure where one hemisphere is temporally paralyzed to see where speech is lateralized?
Describe the research by Hyde on gender differences in language using.
- meta-analysis
- studies on gender differences on;
- abilities
- verbal, non-verbal communication
- personality variables
- psychological wellbeing
- motor behavior
- moral reasoning
Describe the results of the research by Hyde on gender differences in language using.
- 78 percent of the studies reporting gender differences had small effect sizes
- strong differences only on motor skills
- differences in language use were small or negligible
How do we call the method where using magnetic fields temporarily exciting or inhibiting cortical areas is possible?
How do we call the method used by surgeons pre-surgery to locate individual language areas to reduce risk of post-operative neurological deficits?
How do we call the simplified model of the key areas for language and the role of these areas?
What is the function of the arcuate fasciculus in the wernicke-geschwind model?
What are the properties for Broca's aphasia?
- most apparent damage in speech production
- speaking in telegram style
- no function words or function morphemes
- difficulties with grammar
- difficulties finding the right words
What are the properties for conduction aphasia?
- damage to the arcuate fasciculus
- spontaneous speech is fluent though with errors
- good comprehension
- problems with repeating words or sentences
- many errors which they can detect, but not correct
What are the properties for global aphasia?
- damage to multiple brain regions involved with language production.
- resulting in severe language impairment.
What are the properties for anomic aphasia?
- minor damages around sylvian fissure
- major difficulty with productions of nouns or names other than that fairly normal
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