Language Comprehension
57 important questions on Language Comprehension
How do we call the process by which we convert a stream of speech into individual words and sentences?
How do we call the aspects of speech besides the meaning of the words, like intonation, speed, rhythm?
How do we call the principle that describes the fact that there is variation in the production of speech sounds across different contexts?
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What phenomenons fall under the invariance problem?
- physical differences between the same phonemes in different words
- differences between speakers (accent, gender)
- differences within speakers (being sick, emotion)
- co-articulation.
How do we call the tendency for a speech sound to be influenced by sounds preceding or following it?
Describe the research by Liberman on artificial speech sounds.
- phonemes were produced artificially
- the stimuli was a series of phonemes which would gradually transition into eachother over a sequence of phonemes
- like ba goes from da to ga
- participants task was to indicate what they heard at each phoneme.
Describe the results of the research by Liberman on artificial speech sounds.
- you would expect that participants would indicate that they heard a mixture between two phonemes.
- this was not the case, participants would say they heard either ba, da or ga. no mixtures
- shows that we have a categorical perception for sounds,
- we hear a sound, categorize it, and thats how we indicate what we hear.
- also at changing points there were frequency's on what people would say they heard.
- they didn't all give the same answers for which phoneme they heard at each part of the trial.
- shows that we have trouble distinguishing phonemes that sound alike.
How do we call the principle that refers to detection of distinct words in what is a continuous string of speech sounds?
What is described here; researchers recorded participants speaking and cut out individual words, they later played the individual words to participants in order to have them recognize them. recognition for individual words was reduced to 35 percent. but in four word segments recognition was improved to 70-100 percent.
How do we call the principle that describes that visual perception can overwrite or support auditory perception of language?
What can be concluded from the McGurk effect?
- the auditive process provides input for the manner of articulation (nasal)
- the visual process provides input for position of the lips (place of articulation)
- visual information is automatically integrated in the speech perception process.
What are the solutions for the invariance problem?
- categorical perception
- use of visual context (McGurk)
- use of auditive context (rest of the word, sentence, story)
- top-down processing
Which top-down processes contribute to the restoration of the invariance problem?
- the phonemic restoration effect
- the word superiority effect
Which top-down process is described; we can hear a complete sentence as if it is normal, when in fact some parts of the sentence (phonemes) are not detectible. the brain fills these phonemes up because it knows the word.
Which top-down process is described; phonemes are more easily detected if they are presented in a word compared to being presented individually.
Which type of letter sound relationships are there?
- regular, or shallow
- irregular, or deep
How do we call it when a word is pronounced like it is spelled?
How do we call it when the pronunciation of a word is not to be detected from the spelling of the word, but rather from the knowledge of the word, give an example.
What is a grapheme?
Which two paths can be derived from the dual route model by Coltheart?
- the grapheme-phoneme conversion path
- the mental lexicon path
Which path of the dual route model by Coltheart is described; visual analyzing the written word, then convert different letters to different sounds, and then pronounce the word.
What does the mental lexicon path of the dual route model by Coltheart look like?
- written word
- visual analysis
- orthographic lexicon
- phonological lexicon
- phonemes
- speech signal/speech
How do we call dyslexia caused by brain injury ?
Which kinds of alexia are there?
- surface dyslexia
- phonological, or deep dyslexia
- non-semantic reading
How do you remember the different type of alexias?
What are the characteristics of surface dyslexia?
- letter to sound information is still intact (superficial properties of a word)
- difficulties with reading and meaning of a word
- wrong pronunciation of irregular word
What can be concluded from the fact that people who suffer from surface dyslexia can't pronounce irregular words anymore?
- the grapheme phoneme conversion path is intact
- the mental lexicon path of the dual route model by Coltheart is impaired
- pronounce words based on spelling, regular rules
What are the characteristics of phonological dyslexia?
- they can read both regular and irregular words
- trouble with non words (made up letter combinations)
What are the characteristics of semantic dyslexia?
- regular, irregular and non words can be read
- but no comprehension when reading
What has become clear about the dual route model by Coltheart from semantic dyslexia?
both paths are intact
How do we call impaired reading ability in combination with normal motivation, intelligence eyesight and social development?
What are the possible causes for innate dyslexia?
- problem turning words into sounds because of inability to recognize the word itself
- problem turning word into sounds because of inability to recognize the meaning
With auditory word recognition, how do we call the moment where a word is recognized due to the fact that at this point in time no other words can't possibly fit the already pronounced letters?
How does the cohort model of auditory word recognition work?
- information is time based, since every letter is pronounced after the other
- so every letter pronounced gives more information
- all words that fit the current state of information are active
- per letter pronounced words that don't fit the until now provided sequence get cut
- until uniqueness point.
- first bottom up processing, then top down.
How does the trace model of auditory recognition work?
- pronunciation features activate phonemes
- phonemes activate words that they're part of, and inhibit words that they're not part of
- words inhibit eachother, and phonemes that aren't included in them.
- words activate phonemes that they consist of.
How does the trace model explain the phonemic restoration?
How do we call the concept that describes the language-specific sound groupings that occur in a language, which allows us to separate words in a sentence.
How do we call misperceiving a word or phrase in speech?
What is the reason for a right ear advantage for speech sounds compared to non speech sounds?
How do we call a task in which participants are presented with a string of letters, and thy must decide if it's a word or not?
How do we call it when a single unit in a model represents a particular concept?
How do we call the process by which we access stored knowledge about words?
How do we call a task in which participants need to name a word while response time is being measured?
How do we call a task in which participants are presented a sentence with a blank space and a word separate, and they need to verify if the word fits the sentence?
How do we call words with the same spelling but more than one meaning?
How do we call the process by which we assign a syntactic structure to a sentence?
How do we call the study about the mental processes behind language production and comprehension?
Which type of script is described; writes in representations of the meaning of words.
Which type of script is described; use a symbol to represent each syllable
Which type of script is described; scripts represent the consonants of a language
Which type of script is described; represents phonemes or sounds in a language
How do we call fast movements of the eye made when reading or scanning an image?
Describe the second route of the spoken words processing model.
- auditory signal
- auditory analysis system
- auditory input lexicon
- semantic system
- speech output lexicon
- phoneme level
- speech
Which speech perception problems are there?
pure word meaning deafness
What are the characteristics of pure word deafness?
speaking reading and writing unaffected.
What are the characteristics of pure word meaning deafness?
- can hear, repeat, write down words
- can't comprehend whats beaing said.
How do we recognize the indication of word boundaries?
- top-down influence; you know the word.
- dominant intonation patterns; language dependent in english klemtoon on first letter
- phonotactic constraints; rules of grouping letters in a language.
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