Summary: College 2

Read the summary and the most important questions on College 2

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• What kind of (international) environmental problems are there?

  - River pollution
  - Marine pollution
  - Marine litter
  - Waste and hazardous waste
  - Soil degradation
  - Air pollution
  - Acid rain
  - Biodiversity loss
  

• How do environmental problems occur?

  Environmental problems occur where institutions stabelise patterns of behaviour that cause environmental degradation. 

• What are, according to Carter (2001), 7 core charasteristics that distinguish the environment as a policy problem?

  1. Environmental resources as public goods
  2. Environmental problems are often transboundary
  3. Environmental problems are ofter characterized by complexity and uncertainty.
  4. Environmental problems are often irreversible
  5. Temporal and spatial varability
  6. Administrative fragmentation
  7. Regulatory interventions in environmental policy often contrast with other policy areas

• How would you describe the nature of environmental problems?

  Broad, cross-cutting issues, not simply thematic; overlapping. Environmental problems are not new.

• When did the concern for the environment appear?

  In the 19th century. But there was no green ideology or environmental movement before the mid 1960's

• What is conservationism and when did it start?

  Conservationism was a reaction to industrialism in the 19th century. In the mids of the 19th century there was a movement to conserve and protect the rural landscape, its heritage and wildlife.

• What is modern environmentalism and when did it start?

  It started in the mid 1960's and is the 'modern' concern for the environment. The environment (and it's problems) were set on the international agenda and was linked to society, capitalism and international development. New issues arised, as did new groups. 

• When did sustainable development start?

  Since the late 1980s. 

• What are the two dimensions of environmental concern?

  Protecting nature vs. Protecting people

• What is protecting nature?

  Wilderness amenities particular species - ecosystem functions and services - (non)renewable sources