Summary: College 6

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  • How are private standards not established?

    Trough legislative processes, public agencies with public regulatory powers
  • Why do private standards emerge?

    - Market demands (of consumers, business)
    - Government failure 
  • What are the 'basic ingredients' of private standards?

    - Standard-setting
    - Monitoring
    - Enforcement
  • What are the key institutions of private standards?

    - Standard-setting bodies (national, international)
    - Certification bodies
    - Accreditation bodies
  • What is the interplay between private standards?

    - Referencing
    - Coordination
    - Competition for regulary share (and market)
  • What are the forms of certification?

    - First party
    - Second party
    - Thirt party
    - Fourth party
  • What is the scope of the standard which can be certified?

    Product, persons, management systems
  • What forms of visibility are there?

    Certificate, labels and logos (licensed use)
    Business-to-business
    Business-to-comsumer
  • What is the economic impact of private standards?

    - Increased costs
    - Barriers to market access
    - Developing countries
    - Raise consumer awereness
  • What are the issues in governance of private standards?

    - Participation
    - Transparancy
    - Accountability
    - Effectiveness
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