Summary: College 6
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1 Slide 1
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How are private standards not established?
Trough legislative processes, public agencies with public regulatory powers -
Why do private standards emerge?
- Market demands (of consumers, business)
- Government failure -
What are the 'basic ingredients' of private standards?
- Standard-setting
- Monitoring
- Enforcement -
What are the key institutions of private standards?
- Standard-setting bodies (national, international)
- Certification bodies
- Accreditation bodies -
What is the interplay between private standards?
- Referencing
- Coordination
- Competition for regulary share (and market) -
What are the forms of certification?
- First party
- Second party
- Thirt party
- Fourth party -
What is the scope of the standard which can be certified?
Product, persons, management systems -
What forms of visibility are there?
Certificate, labels and logos (licensed use)
Business-to-business
Business-to-comsumer -
What is the economic impact of private standards?
- Increased costs
- Barriers to market access
- Developing countries
- Raise consumer awereness -
What are the issues in governance of private standards?
- Participation
- Transparancy
- Accountability
- Effectiveness
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