Forage quality and conservation - Forage quality

44 important questions on Forage quality and conservation - Forage quality

What is feeding value?

The capacity of a forage to promote animal production

Where does feeding value depent on?

- Nutrient intake
- Feed conversion

Where does nutrient intake depend on?

- DM intake
- Nutrient concentration
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What is important with feed conversion?

The digestibility of a forage

What are the five resources of animal feed?

-Water
- Energy (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids)
- Protein (nitrogenous compounds)
- Minerals
- Vitamins

What types of water intake are there?

- Internal water intake
- External water intake

What is internal water intake?

Water in cell content. Forages contain 70-85% of water, this can only be released when herbage is chewed and the cell walls are ruptured

What is external water intake?

After rain or deq

What is the daily water requirement of a dairy cow?

Depends on the composition and the cinsumed amount of feed, production leven and climate. But usually, up to more than 100 liters

What are the methods of determination of water content?

24 hours at 105 C
38 hours at 70 C

Why is the 48 hours at 70 C prefered?

Because 70C does not damage any proteins and samples can be used for further analysis

What does the dry matter contain?

All the nutrients (except water) required by the cows

What is the dry matter content (grams per kg) of fresh grass?

150-300

What is the dry matter content (grams per kg) of grass silage?

350-450

How can addtional mineral supplements be fed?

- Bricks
- Mineral Mixture
- Soil

How do you correct mineral deficiencies in the soil?

By the application of appropriate fertilizers and increase the level of minerals in the forage

Why do animals can eat soil?

To fulfill their mineral needs.

What are the compounds containing nitrogen?

- Protein (chains of amino acids)
- Non-protein nitrogen (NPN)

What is the crude protein level (grma per kg dry matter) in grass (high fertilized)?

200-350

What is the crude protein level (grams per kg dry matter) in white clover?

250-400

What is the crude protein level (grams per kg dry matter) in maize silage?

50-80

Why is the level of crude protein in legumes usually higher than in grasses?

Because of the nitrogen fixing capacity of legumes

Why has maize silage a low crude protein level?

Because the maize kernels which contain starch, which is a carbodydrate. Also, maize is a C4 crop which are generally lower in nitrogen that the C3 grasses

What percentage of dry matter in forages are carbohydrates?

50-80%

What are examples of storage carbohydrates?

Starch

What are the characteristics of fibers?

- Cell wall material
- Structure and strength to the plant
- Increase with maturity of the plant
- Indigestible for mono-gastric animals

Why can ruminants digest fibers?

Because of the symbiosis with the micro organisms in the rumen, which breaks it down to usable production and this is also rumination.

What is the percentage of lipids that forges contain?

> 5%

What are the consequences of high percentage of fat (>7% DM) in the diet of dairy cows?

Can negatively influence the microbial population in the rumen and decrease its activity and function. This may lead to a depression in fiber digestion, feed intake, milk fat and protein content

What are the major vitamins in forages and grasses?

A and E

What are the four stomach compartments of ruminants?

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

What is the route the grass takes through the cow?

Swallowed via the mouth and esophagus into the reticulo-rumen. Ruminantion can happen when the grass is transported back.
When the particles are small enough (after two or three times) they are transferred to the omasum and abomasum.
Finally the bolus (bolletje gras) is transferred via the intestines to the end

How much food can the rumen contain?

100-120 kg

How long do the fiber particles remain n the rumen?

20 to 48 hours because bacterial fermentation of fiber is slow

How is fermentation in the rumen promoted?

By rumination and rumen wall contractions

What are the micro-organisms in the rumen?

Bacteria and protozoa

Whereto are carbohydrates digested?

Volatile fatty acids

What exactly happens during rumination?

- Decrease of particle size
-Adding saliva
- Increase of pH

What is the digestibility of the diet?

The proportion of the food consumed which dissapears in passage throug hthe alimentart tract; is a measure of the efficiency of the digestive process and frequently as an expression of the nutritive value of the diet

What is the calculation of the digestibility?

OM intake-OM faces/OM intake *100

Why is the calculation of digestabillity 'apparent digestibility'?

Because of the influence of the residues from the body of the animal and microbes in the faeces

How can endogeneous exretion an estimated?

Through in-vivo digestibility measurements;
- At a range of intake levels followed by regression analysis
- With fased animals during a few days

What is the digestibility (grams per kg dry matter) of young perennial rye grass?

800

Why do you want to harvest maize in senescence?

because there is a high starch content and low nitrogen

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