Excursions

14 important questions on Excursions

What were the two ice ages which had a major effect on the geomorphology of the landscape?

- Saalien 370.000 - 130.000 years ago; were the origing of moraines
- Weichselien 115.000 - 10.000 years ago; aeolian sand deposit

Where were the rhine and maas running towards prevoious to the saalien ice age?

Northward

What is a moraine?

Stuwwal
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What is aeolien sediment?

Dekzand

What are charasterisics flower species of fen meadows?

Thistles
Orchideen
etc

What are the advantages of grass-seed mixtures?

- Combine the good characterstics of species and varieties
- Spreading risks = maxing mixture flexible for different conditions (weather, soil) and management
- Combine growth cycles

What can be an example of a grazing mixture for the netherlands?

- 50% Tetraploid perennial ryegrass; high spring yield, high digestibility
- 35% diploid perennial ryegras; good summer production, dense sward
- 15% timothy; grazing type, very palatable

What can be an example for a grazing mixture for russia's dry areas?

- 50% soft leafed tall fescue; deep rooting, winterhardy
- 20% cocksfoot; drough resistant, high yielding
- 20 tetraploid perennial ryegrass; winterhard variety, high feed quality
- 10% white clover; protein, winterhardy

How do you improve grass production and quality?

- Start wih the best mixture and varietes
- Establish a perfect field (soil preparation, sowing, weed management)
- Fertilize (according to soil analysis)
- Cutting, grazing and harvest management
- Ensiling and feeding management
- Mainain your field for long-term production

What are the charasteristics of white clover?

- Can fix up to 150 kg N
- For long term use
- Different leaf-size for every purpose
- Optimal content in field; 30-50%

What are the charasteristics of red clover?

- Can fix up to 200 kg N
- For 2-4 years use
- Diploid and tetraploid varieties

What are the characteristics of alfalfa?

- Can fix up to 350 kg N
- Best choice in situations where grass is hard to grow
- Mainly used in monoculture
- Deep rooting= drough resistant
- Requires high soil pH and P, K supply
- High yields under frequent cutting (>10 tons DM/ha)
- Low suitability for grazing
- In general 4-5 years production

What are the actions to breed a new grass variety?

- Crossing to create variation
- Selection of individual plants and progenies
- Synthesis of experimental varieties
(first ten years)
- Private trials
- Multiplication of breeder seed
- Official trials in several countries
(final 5 years)

What is the symbitic relationship between endophytes and pasture grasses?

- Benefits for the endophye: nutrition, shelter, method for reproduction, distribution
- benefits for the host grass: enhanced competitiveness, improved tolerance to water stress, improves nutrient uptake, insect deterrence

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