Voting behaviour - Rationalist models of voting - Performance voting

3 important questions on Voting behaviour - Rationalist models of voting - Performance voting

What are valence issues?

Issues on which most voters agree on the goal but disagree about which party is most likely to deliver it

What is the scope of performance/retrospective voting?

During an election, voters evaluate the state of affairs in the country and decide whether they would prefer continuity change

What are the limitations to performance voting?

It seems suited for two-party systems, it makes government responsible for national conditions and the distinction between position and valence can be blurry

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