Cognitive control (hannes)

27 important questions on Cognitive control (hannes)

What is imitation behavior?

The tendency to imitate the gestures, actions sentences of the person in front of you.

Pre frontal cortex, small / large?

1/2 of frontal cortex, that is 1/3 of cerebral cortex

How does the premotor cortex make you able to perform quick flexible actions?

By keeping information in store for sensori-motor processing. (working memory)
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PFC neurons maintaining firing after removal of stimulus is a clue for:

Working memory

What happens with patients with damge to the medial PFC?


1. They make super utilitarain choices
2. They have great difficulties in ordinary choices

What does decision making consist of? 2 factors


External factor (delay, cost, quantity etc)
Internal factor ( motivation, risk etc,)

What has the Urbach - Wiethe desease with bilateral degeneration of the amygladae shown?

Patient S.M. could not recognize or experience fear --> amyglada is important and central for experiencing and learning fear (avoidance)

What does the implicit association test show?

Reaction time differences when good words and bad words are combined with white and black faces

How does the amyglada effect behaviour?

The amyglada picks up associations (consciour or not). This has impact on real life decisions.

What controls fear?

The ACC --> participant is getting closer to snake , activity is larger then when pp is letting the snake go?

What are major components of the reward system?


VTA
Nucleus Accumbens
VMPFC (ventro-medial)
Dopamine

How is dopamine guiding our search for reward?

Dopamine signals reward (pleasant feeling) --> Reinforcement of behaviour that led to the reward

How was the role of VTA / Dopamine in reinforcement learning shown?

Giving reward to rat when pusing a bar for reward

What are the two pathways of dopamine induce learning and what do they do?


1. Direct pathway - getting into action
2. Indirect pathway - inhibiting action

What is the reward prediction error?


The difference between the reward that you get and the reward that you expected.

The signal will respond to the conditioned stimulus.

What does the dopamine signal for reward prediction state?


When predictive value of a CS is low, dopamine only fires on reward.

WHen predictive value is high, it already fires on the CS

Also, when there is a long delay between CS and reward, dopamine respond to the reward, and no long to the CS

What does the experiment with 4 cues, each inducing a potential of 50/50 win/lose show?

Vental striatum not only singals for gain, but also for loss!

What happens in the Limbic regions when you like something ?

More liking --> more activation (PCC, hippocampus, VS and VMPFC)

What does the experiment with rating cars, and looking at cars show?

You unconsiously rate what you see (value system), no need for attention.

How can you predict someone behaviour when giving them stimuli (e.g. Picture of food)

Their brain activity tells you how big their value is wich predicts behaviour.

What are the two kinds of decisions?

Evaluation(depend on value) and habits (depend on salience, importance and experience)

What brain system controls the values given by the VMPFC

The DLPFC

What part of the PFC is involved with the go no go task?

IFC / IFG

What is the ERN? And how is it evoked?

Error negativity, it is caused by a signal from the ACC stating that you made an error.

How does the ACC influence the DLPFC

Feedbacks after error to perform better on next trial

What goes wrong in the Winconsin card sorting task with patients damaged to the PFC?

They will not be able to learn a (new) rule

What does the task switching paradigm show?

Patients with PFC damage, take much longer time to repsond to stimuli after switching task

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