States of Consciousness
15 important questions on States of Consciousness
What do you measure with EEG?
This activity is the result of synchronous synaptic activity between neurons
What is sleep paralysis?
What area's does the Reticular formation influence? What's its function?
1. Via direct fibers to the cortex
2. By gating the transfer of information from the thalamus to the cortex
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What are Thalamocortical Oscillations?
Slow rhythms prevent input from periphery to reach the cortex.
What does stimulation of the MRF do?
Change low frequencies to high frequencies
What are diffences in cortex connectivity when awake vs sleeping? And conscious vs unconscious?
Conscious: Intense communication between regions.
Unconscious: Regions work on their own
Vegatitive state: Characteristics?
- Breathing
- Autonomous reactions
- Eye movements
- Orienting (sometimes)
- No Reaction or communication
Minimally Conscious: Characteristics?
Locked-in syndrome: Characteristics?
Except for eye or eyelid movements
What is a clinical diagnosis of brain death?
- EEG with maximal amplification & electrodes large distance apart is completely flat
- ECG (heart) or respiration can be present
- Record response of spinal cord, brain stem & cortex tot electrical stimulation of the wrist: Absence of response beyond p13/n13: Brain death
Glasgow coma scale: Wat zijn de 3 schalen?
Motor response (M)
Verbal response (V)
Coma score: 3 to 15
Differences between coma en persistent vegetative state?
Sleep-wake: No VS Yes
Motor Function: Reflexes VS Reflexes, Postures, Withdrawal from stimuli, random purposeful movement
Auditory/Visual function: None VS Startle reflexes, fixations
Emotion: None vs Reflexive crying or smiling
Consciousness: No VS Depends on patient (only neurally visible)
Differences between PVS en Minimally conscious state?
Auditory/Visual function: Startle reflexes, orienting, fixating VS localization sound, some command following, visual pursuit.
Communication: None VS vocalizations, inconsistent but intelligible, gesture
Emotion: Reflexive crying/smiling VS Contingent crying or smiling
Consciousness: Depends on patient (only neurally visible) VS Minimal behavioural signs
What are differences in TMS responses in VS, MCS, and Locked in? What are the implications?
Loss of connectivity in vegetative state
- Similar to deep sleep or anesthesia
Connectivity: VS --> MCS --> Emerging from MCS --> Locked-in Syndrome
What does the brain of a VS patient react stronger to?
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