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Approaches to environmentally improved production - A bird's eye view of a variety of practical approaches

18 important questions on Approaches to environmentally improved production - A bird's eye view of a variety of practical approaches

By what are production and consumption always contrained?

Production and consumption are ultimately constrained bij the availability of resources (non-renewables and renewables). This means that a specific types of use should limit should limit themselves to specific resources.

What is a resource cascade?

A resource cascade aims at keeping a resource functional in the economy for as long as possible, favouring reuse for the same or a similar purpose. Deterioration should lead to new types of use.

What are factor X technologies?

Factor X technologies are the types of technology that allow for radical reductions in environmental impact.
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What is the relation between energy and exergy?

Exergy = quality factor x Energy

What is industrial ecology?

Industrial ecology focuses on the use of waste of one economic actor as input by another economic actor. Another important concept is sharing resources such as utilities.

What are eco-industrial parks?

These aim at (profitable) efficiency in resource use, reuse, resource cascading and recycling, achieved by collaboration between producers.

Describe 'cleaner production' in different words.

Cleaner production is also called waste minimization or waste prevention, or green chemistry source reduction, or increasing eco-efficiency. An extreme form of cleaner production is zero discharge.

What is the basic idea behind cleaner production?

It reduces costs of inputs and reduces waste disposal costs

What are chemical management services?

The supplier of chemicals is paid on the basis of services provided, rather than on the basis of volume of product supplied.

What do eco-efficient product services focus on?

The product/producer services approach focusses on the services that products deliver, and aim to lower the environmental impact of these services. Exaples are car sharing arrangements, replacement of paper-based journals bij E-journals.

Describe the concept of eco-efficiency as a strategy.

A management strategy that links financial and environmental performance to create more value with less ecological impact. i.e. doing more with less

What is toxics reduction?

Reducing the use of toxics in production and in products. It relates to the working environment and the wider environment. Examples are reduction in the use of PCBs, DDT, mercury, etc, the shirt from alkyd paints to water-based paints, less toxic flame retardants in electronic appliances.

Give three reason why it is in the industry's interest to focus on making production safer.

Major accidents can cause damage to health and to human life.
There is no production for a period, leading to loss of company income.
Public relations may be severely harmed, causing problems with obtaining new permits and so on.

What are closed-loop supply systems?

Closed-loop supply systems are based on take back arrangements with customers. After take-back, products or parts of them may be repaired/refilled, refurbished, cannibalized, remanufactured and/or recycled. Closed-loop supply systems allow for substantial reductions in environmental burden and production costs.

What is life cycle management?

Life cycle management aims to reduce environmental impact along the life cycle of a product. It considers product life cycles from the cradle to the grave and can be used to evaluate improvement otions anywhere in the life cycle.

What are the different focusses on in Design for Environment (DfE)?

The emphasis can be on a specific environmentally relevant aspect of the product, such as disassembly, biodegradability, toxics reduction or recycling. This has given rise to the general abbreviation: DfX, Design for Disassambly, Design for Recyclability.

What are end-of-pipe technologies?

End-of-pipe technologies focus on wastes (including emissions) once they have originated. The purpose is to eliminate or reduce the environmental impacts of wastes.

What is pinch analysis?

Pinch analysis aims to optimize heat exchanger networks that support production processes.

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