The policy process
17 important questions on The policy process
What are the 7 stages of the policy process (by Lasswell)?
Intelligence
Promotion
Invocation
Application
Termination
Appraisal
What are the pro's and con's of the policy stages model?
pro's - useful heuristic for structuring empirical inquiry into policy-maiking, system perspective at whole process, prescriptive and normative, ideal type of rational evidence-based policy making, tnot a theory of the policy process
con's - not a good prescription of real policy-making, stages are constantly meshed and entangled, crowded policy space, research often focussed on one policy stage, mostly agenda-setting implementation and most recenlty policy appraisal. Unspecific about time scales/budgets.. Mute about corss-policy interations.
What is the original model of the policy cycle?
IESIET
Initiation (problem identification, agendasetting)
estimation (goal fromulation, developing plicy options)
selection (conflict and consensus strategies political deceisions)
implementation
evaluation (assessment based on selected criteria)
termination
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
What is the issue-attention cycle?
Agenda setting often follows a predicable cycle:
1. the problem stage
2. alarmed discovery and euphoric enthousiasm
3. realising the difficulty and cost
4. gradual decline of intense public interest
5. the post problem stage
The political decision is usually taken long after public attention has moved on.
What are the points of top-down perspective?
Multiple decision-making and clearing points, interaction of field agencies with target groups, intra- and inter-organisational coordination problems, bad policy design based on wrong theories.
What are the points of bottom-up perspective?
What issues are found with policy evaluation?
Blame games, vague goals, goals might have shifted.
Current debates around what is usuable knowledge, what are 'real' experiments, feedback loops, costs of policy termination and wider issues of policy entrenchment.
What are the critiques of comprehensive economic rationality?
What is disjointed incrementalism?
What are the comminication challenges with disjointed incrementalism?
What are the comminication challenges with bounded rationality?
What is the mixed scanning model?
Mixed scanning selectively combines elements of comprehensive rationality and disjointed incrementalism. The more the probles are strategid in nature, the more that the comprehensice economic rationality approach is appropriate. The more the problems are operational in nature, the more the incremental approach is used.
Policy choices differ in complexity, scope and importance.
Challenges: What is the role of the people?, frame areas where you have status quo interests as operational choice, frame areas where you want policy change as strategic choice.
What is erotetic rationality?
What are the comminication challenges of erotetic rationality?
What is critical convergence?
What are communication challenges of critical convergens?
How can we understand policy decisions and what is the respective role of communication?
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
