Summary: Critical Thinking

Read the summary and the most important questions on Critical Thinking

• Workshop 1

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• Explain the two systems in one's brain.

  System 1; fast, instinctive, emotional, unconscious, automatic, everyday decisions, error prone
  System 2; slower, more deliberative, more logical, conscious, effortful, complex decisions, reliable

• What is the representative hearistic?

  Judging a person or situation based on their representative characteristics and what you know about these (e.g. stereotyping). The more an occurrence looks like a prototype of that occurrence the more likely it seems.

• What is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?

  Making an assessment based on the initial information (the anchor, point of reference), after which little attention is paid to more determining information. 

• What is the affect heuristic?

  Having an immediate positive or negative reaction (emotion) to some idea, proposal, proposal, object, whatever (“gut reaction”), after which little attention is paid to more determining information. Emotions —fear, pleasure, surprise, etc.—influence the decisions, but there is no guarantee that your gut reaction is always right.

• Workshop 2

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• What is a claim? (Toulmin Structure)

  A claim is a conclusion or conviction (point of view, opinion, prediction, or judgment) (formulated clearly and specifically)
  
  e.g. Harry is British

• What are grounds? (Toulmin Structure)

  Grounds are data and facts offered to support the claim (EVIDENCE) (must be linked to the claim, and acceptable (quality and quantity))
  
  e.g. Harry was born in Bermuda (colony UK)

• What is a warrant? (Toulmin Structure)

  The warrant is the logical connection between the grounds and the claim (a bridge that is based on an underlying principle (reasoning))
  
  e.g. Someone who is born in Bermuda generally has British citizenship

• What is a qualifier? (Toulmin Structure)

  Qualifiers add strength to claims because they help the audience understand the author does not expect her or his opinion to be true all of the time or for her or his ideas to work all of the time (use PROBABLY)
  
  
  e.g. Harry was born in Bermuda (grounds) and probably (qualifier) has British citizenship

• What is a backing? (Toulmin Structure)

  Backing refers to any additional support of the warrant. In many cases, the warrant is implied, and therefore the backing provides support for the warrant by giving a specific example that justifies the warrant.
  
  
  e.g. and probably (qualifier) has British citizenship, as someone who is born in Bermuda, we can assume, generally has British citizenship (warrant) based on legal provisions (backing)

• What is a rebuttal? (Toulmin Structure)

  The rebuttal is an acknowledgment of another valid view of the situation.
  
  
  e.g. generally has British citizenship (warrant) based on legal provisions (backing), unless his parents were citizens of a different country or if he was naturalized as an American citizen (rebuttal)