Summary: Danisha - Samenvatting

Read the summary and the most important questions on Danisha - Samenvatting

• 1 Animal Ethics 1

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• Name the views based on the moral status of animals

  Antropocentrism 
  
  

  • only humans are morally relevant (have intrinsic value), while animals have only instrumental value

  
  
  Zoocentrism
  

  • Human as well as animal are morally relevant

  
  
  Antrocentrism - zoo centrism is a spectrum

• What are ethical arguments for antropocentrism and counterattack?

  Humans
  
  

  1. have naturally (or by god) a higher status than animals
  2. the only beings that are rational
  • this arguments is inconsistent 
  • people can be not rational (babies, demented elderly )
  • people as such are not nearly rational as we think
  • animals are not nearly as irrational as we think

  1. able to communicate and come to agreements
  2. the only beings with soul (animals are machines)

  
  
  if all the arguments are attacked, then you only have speciesism 
  

  • the right to born as human makes you morally relevant

• What are ethical arguments for zoocentrism?

  Singer
  

  1. The physical response of animal (pain, stress, joy and pleasure) are similar as in humans
     
  • this is logical from evolutionary point-of-view (pain is signal that something is wrong)
  • Therefore, animal must feel pain as humans do
  2. All our ethics focuses on avoiding pain and seeking joy/pleasure
  • therefore, our ethics must cover animals
    

  
  
  Reagan
  

  1. animal are morally relevant as they are a subject of a meaningful life

  
  
  Counterattack:
  

  • the arguments of degree: suffering and being-subject-of-a-life are matters of degree
    
  • discounting argument: to human beings, the moral status of animals is less in relation to that of humans

• What is the status quo on animal testing?

  Animals have moral status, but humans have higher
  

  • testing is always pmorally problematic, but not necessarily morally ejectable

  
  
  Law: nee, tenzij
  

  • animal testing is prohibited (zoocentric), unless the benefits outweigh the harm (anthrocentric )

• How is the harm of lab animal determined?

  Discomfort 
  

  • Severity of direct discomfort (the procedure)
    
  • severity of contingent discomfort (housing, trasnport)
  • frequency with which discomfort occurs
  • duration of discomfort
  • extra: number and type of animal

  
  
  Discomfort can be divided in:
  

  1. mild
  • short-term mild pain, no significant impairment of well being
  2. (non-recovery)
  • complete anesthesia
  3. moderate
  • short-term moderate pain or long-lasting mild pain, moderate impairment of well being
  4. severe
  • short-term severe pain, long-lasting moderate pain, severe impairment of well being

• 2 Experimental procedures on animals

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• How can the administration of drugs be divided?

  Systemic (effect of the drug on whole body)
  

  • Enteral (via the gastrointestinal tract)
  • oral
  • rectal
  • Parenteral (everything not via the the gastrointestinal tract)
  • injection
  • respiratory
  • cutaneous

  
  Local (local effect, so specific for one place)
  

  • Tropical 
  • cuteaneous
  • mucous membrane (eyes, ears, nose, lungs, vagina)

• Based on do you decide how to administer drugs?

  • Local or systemic 
    
  • site of desired action
  •  physical and chemical properties of drug
  • rapidity of response desired
  • extend of drug absorption 
  • effect of digestion and first pass metabolism
  • accuracy of dosage required
  • condition of animal

• How is drugs delivered via enteral administration?

  No aseptic technique required
  
  Oral
  

  • drinking water or oral cavage
  • first pass effect
  • hepatic metabolism of pharmacological agent
  • the greater the first pass effect, the less will reach the systemic circulation

  
  
  Rectal
  

  • not in small animals
  • no first pass effect

• What are the dis- and advantages of enteral administration?

  
  Food and drinking water:Advantage:
  

  • easy to do
  • no discomfort in animals

  disadvantage:
  

  • variation in consumption
  • substance solubility, stability and smell/taste

  
  
  Oral cavage/stomache tube
  advantage:
  

  • direct accurate individual dose, no variation in consumption
  • no substance solubility, stability and smell/taste

  
  
  
  disadvantage: 
  

  • discomfort in animal
  • first pass effect

• How is drugs delivered via parenteral administration?

  Aseptic administration
  

  1. Injection
  • subcutaneous
  • intramuscular
  • intraperitoneal
  • intravenous
  2. inhalation
  • inhalation anesthesia 
  3. transdermal or cutaneous