Summary: Developing Brain

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• 1 Week 1

• 1.1 Lecture 1: early brain development

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• Name an example of prenatal developmental disorder. What are the symptoms?

  Spinal bifida. The neural tube is not closing very well.
  Symptoms
  
  

  • Muscle weakness of the legs, sometimes involving paralysis
    
  • Bowel and bladder problems
    
  • Orthopedic problems — such as deformed feet, uneven hips and a curved spine (scoliosis)
    

  
  In the most severe condition: part of the spinal chord protrudes at the back.

• 1. Where do the egg and sperm cell meet?2. Where happen cell divisions? At this stage cells are ........3. What happens once the cell reaches the uterus?4. What is a morula and where can we find it. 

  1. Ovary
  2. Oviduct, omnipotent 
  3. It will grow into the uterus wall. 
  4 At the 16-32 cell stage the compacted embryo is called a morula.

• When does the initial development of the nervous system starts?

  At very early embryonic stage (1st week) with the process of gastrulation.

• Name the three germ layers and tell in which systems they appear.

  1. Endoderm: urinary, digestive and respiratory systems
  2. Mesoderm: Skeletal, muscular and cardiovascular systems
  3. Ectoderm: skin (epidermis) and nervous system

• Tell me how the third layer is formed by gastrulation.Draw 2 things: 1 picture of the two layers (before gastrulation) and 1 picture after/during gastrulation.

  During gastrulation, the third germ layer, the endoderm, is formed as epiblast cells migrate towards the primitive streak, but not through it. Instead, they displace the hypoblast cells to create the endodermal layer. This process results in the establishment of the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), which will go on to give rise to the various tissues and organs of the developing embryo.
  
  
  
  

• What is the neural tube and the notochord?

  Neural tube: the embryonic precursor to the central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
  
  Notochord: inducer of neural tube formation. Made of cells from the mesoderm.

• What are neural crest cells?

  So, neural crest cells are a crucial product of the neurulation process and play a significant role in the development of both neural and non-neural structures in the vertebrate embryo.

• Which factors determine that the front will develop into the brain and the back into the spinal cord?

  Patterning

• What is proliferation? What is the outcome of extensive proliferation?

  Neural tube grows through division of neural stem cells. Extensive proliferation (division) of neural stem cells, drives growth of the neural tube, which will form the spinal cord and brain.

• At which side of the embryo does neurulation take place?

  The dorsal side of the embryo.