Psychology Test
63 important questions on Psychology Test
The social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual, depending on such variables as ethnicity, social class and subculture membership
Specific, atypical events that occur in a person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most people
Gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels
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Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages
A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally
A point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences
The predetermined unfolding of genetic information
Refers to traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from one's parents
Refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior
The approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness and control
-internal, unconscious forces on development
-sigmund freud, erik erkison
-created psychodynamic theory
-created psychoanalytic theory
-believed everyone's personality has 3 aspects
-superego: represents a person's conscience, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong
-psychosexual development
The theory proposed by freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
According to freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, focuses on a particular biological function and body part
-created psychosocial development
-theory suggests that development change occurs throughout our lives in eight distinct stages
-suggested that growth and change continue throughout the life span
The approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understanding of one another as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society
Contributions to family, community and society can produce either positive feelings about the continuity of life or a sense of stagnation and disappointment about what they are passing on to future generations
The approach suggesting that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside (external) stimuli in the environment
-john b watson, b.f. skinner, albert bandura
A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences
-created by B.F Skinner
The process by which a stimulus is provided that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
The introduction of an unpleasant or a painful stimulus or the removal of a desirable stimulus
A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
Learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model
-albert bandura
The approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand and think about the world
-jean piaget
-theory of cognitive development-suggested that human thinking is arranged into schemes: organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions
-suggests that growth in children's understanding of the world can be explained by the 2 basic principles of assimilation and accommodation
The process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage go cognitive development and way of thinking
Refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.
Models that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use and store information
Approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes
A major developmental disability that can produce profound language deficits and self injurious behavior in young children
The theory contending that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior
-emphasizes free will
-people naturally seek to reach their full potential
-carl rogers, abraham maslow
A state of self-fullfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way
The theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical cognitive personality and social worlds
-focuses on relationship between individuals and the social context in which they lead their lives
-urie bronfenbrenner, lev vygotsky
The perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals
The everyday, immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives, homes, caregivers, friends teachers are influences
Provides connections between the various aspects of the microsystem. like binds children to parents
Represents broader influences, encompassing societal institutions such as local gov the community, schools
Represents the larger cultural influence on an individual. society in general, types of gov, religious systems
Underlies each of the other systems. involved way of passage of time, including historical events and more gradual historical changes, affect childrens development
The approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture
-lev semenovich vygotsky theory
The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
-influenced by early work of charles darwin, konrad lorenz
Examines the ways in which our biological makeup influences our behavior
Studies the effects of heredity on behavior
-seeks to understand how we might inherit certain behavioral traits and how the environment influences whether we actually display such traits
The process of posing and answering questions using careful controlled techniques that include systematic orderly obersvation and then collection of data
Explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles
A prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested
Research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between 2 factors exist
Research designed to discover casual relationships between various factors
The strength and direction of a relationship between 2 factors is represented by a mathematical score
A type of correlational study in which some natural occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation
Researchers choose particular settings of interest and seek to carefully describe, in narrative fashion, what is occurring and why
A method borrowed from the field of anthropology and used to investigate cultural questions
Study that involved extensive in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals
A type of study where a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior or thinking on a given topic
Research that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior
A process in which investigator called an experimenter devises 2 different experiences for participants and then studies and compares the outcomes
The variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation
A research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring study
A research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant
Research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
Research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems
Research in which the behavior of one or more participants in a study is measured as they age
Research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time
Ethical guidelines for researchers
-researchers must obtain informed consent from participants before their involvement in a study
-the use of deception in research must be justified and cause no harm
-participants privacy must be maintained
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