Summary: Development Of Primary Relationships Samenvatting Boek

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• Why are humans essentially social beings?

  Our ultimate happiness and despair are founded on relationships. 
  
  One study: friendship was rated above power, recognition, excitement and above a comfortable life by 89% of the people.

• Most relationships include three aspects, which three?

  - interdependence
  - need fulfillment
  - emotional attachment

• Which studies are there of relationships within psychology?

  1. Freuds theory: role of parent child relationships in personality development
  2. Developmental psychology: personality shaped by a person's attachment history
  3. Social psychology: people influence and are influenced by others 
  4. Personality theories: big five theory
  5. Cognitive: babies are prewired to have cognitive abilities that facilitate the formation of relationships
  6. Health: recognition that any comprehensive intervention involving both physical and mental health must take account of people's relationships

• What do the different theoretical perspectives say about relationships?

  - reinforcement: based on the premise that people behave in a way that is rewarding for them
  - evolutionary: guided by the principle that behavior is influenced by evolved biological mechanisms. Social groups increase the chances of survival and reproduction
  - attachment theory: earliest experiences of relationships have an influence on our capacity to engage in relationships later

• What is the key to our evolutionary succes?

  Human sociality 
  humans do not have a lot of physical capabilities to protect themselves

• What does the beloningness hypothesis state?

  That humans have a need to form and maintain strong, stable and interpersonal relationships > this need is a powerful fundamental motivation ---> daarom hebben we affiliation nodig

• Why is the first relationship a child develops very important?

  Because of their later development
  - bowlby: an innate tendency to form an attachment to one specific individual (monotropy)
  - first attachment crucial since it serves as an internal working model of how relationships should be
  - critical period during which the baby can form an attachment quite easily and after that period it will probably not form a permanent attachment

• What are the stages of attachment?

  - Six weeks: infants smile at all people
  - two to three months: infants are able to recognize faces. They start to smile more at familiar people
  - 7 months: first strong attachment is made. Stranger anxiety

• From the strange situation study, we can classify three types of attachment

  - A: avoidant attachement: child shows little or no concern when mother leaves or returns. Child shows little preference for who is with them, they just avoid and ignore them
  - B: Secure attachment --> infant explore when mother is there, show distress when she leaves, happy when she came back 
  - C resistant (anxious) attachment: close to mother, no exploring. Return: child can be very ambivalent
  D disorganized insecure attachment: child shows no set of pattern of behavior when the mother leveas or returns

• What does bowlby believe about relationship mom and child?

  All babies have a biological need for a warm intimate and continuous relationship with their mother.