BIS and susceptibility to punishment
15 important questions on BIS and susceptibility to punishment
What is the core of Anxiety?
What 3 components is anxiety often divided into? What components did Gray's BIS mainly link to?
Cognitive e.g. mindset bias towards caution, loss-aversive
Behavioural e.g. risk assessment, behavioural inhibition
Gray mainly links to cognitive & behavioural components of anxiety
What anxiety disorder is greatly related to BIS?
- Gray & McNaughton (2000) tend to consider this the clinical ‘high-end’ of the BIS dimension
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According to the Gray & McNaughton idea, what is the role of the hippocampus
i.e. they imagine different negative outcomes to a situation
How is Gray's BIS construct measured?
- SP Questionnaires (Torrubia et al, 2001)
In lecture notes, look at slide 11 for details of papers)
What does the SP questionnaire capture about anxiety? (slide 11 for paper details)
- Approach & avoid conflict
- Social anxiety, worrying, shyness, neophobia (quite a lot of social anxiety questions in questionnaire = a lot of our punishments are from social situations)
What does the SP questionnaire not capture about anxiety? (slide 11 for paper details)
(heart racing, numbness, tingling etc as mentioned in the Beck Anxiety inventory)
Does behavioural inhibition score predict clinical-type diagnosis?
---> Maack et al 2012 = took 91 participants and gave them various emotion-related questionnaires
- BIS score and‘Emotional dysregulation’ (read paper for more details)
---> BIS score strongly predicts the diagnosis of GAD
What 3 studies found that a higher behavioural inhibition score = a larger hippocampus (and amygdala)?
---> 63 male undergraduates
Results = Hippocampal formation volume & Amygdala volume are positively correlated with sensitivity to punishment scores
2. Cherbuin et al, 2008
---> 430 mixed sample of participants, aged 47 years
---> The 7 item BIS scale (Carver & White, 1994)
3. Rusch et al, 2001
---> small sample study
---> did not use a behavioural inhibition questionnaire but a State/Trait anxiety questionnaire instead (Speilberger et al, 1970)
---> also shows positive correlation between Hippocampal volume & anxiety
Why is the relationship between the hippocampal/ amygdalar volume and anxiety in general is not simple to establish?
N.B. Depression and Anxiety often go together in the same person
(Frequently ‘Co-morbid’) – Isn’t that potentially contradictory?
2) Many influences on Hippocampal volume have to be tightly controlled: e.g depression, stress, sex, age, years of education
3) Traumatic or repeated stress may shrink the hippocampus.
4) Neurogenesis (new cells being born) occurs in the hippocampus, unlike most areas of the brain
5) There are different components of anxiety: e.g. emotional, cognitive, somatic
What is meant by anxious temperament (AT)?
What was the task in Oler et als., 2010 study?
All monkeys belonged to a large multigenerational family = KINSHIP
Task:
- Oler’s group design a threat situation to model AT with monkeys
- Oler’s group present a human in profile (i.e. a potential predator) (not direct eye contact) 2.5 metres away from cage, then observe.
2 measures of behavioural inhibition: freezing and cooing (during the threat period)
= Monkeys typically: inhibit locomotion, and inhibit cooing
(note, worrying is hard to measure - perhaps a limitation?)
What were the 3 key results Oler et als., 2010 functional PET study on monkeys?
2) the heritability of this temperament is predicted by the hippocampal, not the amygdalar, activity
3) the hippocampal subregion predicting anxious temperament is the anterior hippocampus (the homologue of rodent ventral hippocampus).
Conclusions: higher BI/anxiety = increased hippocampus and amygdala activity
What is the distinction between the anterior and posterior hippocampus?
Posterior = role in spatial cognition and episodic memory
(Region whose activity is highly heritable and predicts monkey at is ANTERIOR hippocampus. This is equivalent to rodent VENTRAL hippocampus)
What experiment shows the distinctions between the anterior and posterior hippocampus?
Test: exposed the rat to cat odour
Result:
- Lesions to dorsal hippocampus (equivalent to human posterior hippocampus) = no deficits in anxiety tests
- Lesions to ventral hippocampus (same as human anterior hippocampus) = clear deficits in anxiety tests
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