Classic Personality Approaches & Psychometrics
20 important questions on Classic Personality Approaches & Psychometrics
What is meant by orthogonal dimensions?
How many dimensions?
- It is efficient to use exactly the number of dimensions required for precision
For orientation in terrestrial space, 3 dimensions suffice
- Using fewer dimensions is insufficient
- Using more dimensions is wasteful
How does Eysenck (1970) define personality?
What were Eysenck's 3 personality factors?
- neuroticism
- psychoticism
= form the basic structure of personality
(he first developed only 2 factors: extraversion & neuroticism but needed another dimension to explain variance - so developed psychoticism)
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What did Eysenck develop to measure the 3 personality factors?
How does Eysenck (1965) define neurotics?
- distinguishing feature of neurotic behaviour is that the individual displays an anxiety or fear level that is disproportionate to the realities of the situation (p. 165)
On the Eysenck axis, how did he describe introverts and extroverts?
Extrovert - low arousal by incoming stimuli; easily bored, so craves opportunities for excitement
(look at last slide, p. 3 of lecture notes for a diagram)
What aspects of personality do Neuroticism-Stability & Extraversion-Introversion capture?
Extraversion
= liveliness & sociability
(although the questionnaires are perhaps too focused on sociability? - see slide 4, p. 4 lecture slides)
Neuroticism
- negative affect
= anxious
= nervous
= worried
= down
= lonely
---> some questions are similar to Gray's Sensitivity to Punishment questions (see slide 5, p. 4 lecture slides)
What 5 aspects do we look at when measuring psychometrics?
- Test-retest reliability (simple Pearson’s correlation)
- Orthogonality (of two or more measures in a personality scheme)
- Factor Analysis
What can be said about internal reliability (consistency)?
Item-vs-rest of test correlation =
way of testing how traits hang together within a supposed factor
(Now typically assessed using Cronbach’s alpha - range 0-1 ---> 0.7 and above is considered good)
What can be said about the orthogonality in Eysenck's measures in Francis et al's study?
There is a low-moderate negative correlation between Extraversion & Neuroticism (i.e. if you are an extrovert, you are less likely to be neurotic) - see slide 1, p. 6
What can be said about the test-retest reliability and the orthogonality of the BIS/BAS scales (Carver & White, 1994)?
- not very good orthogonality
(slide 3, p. 6 lecture notes)
What can be said about the internal & test-retest reliability, and orthogonality in the SPSRQ paper (Torrubia et al, 2001)?
- Good test-retest stability,
- Test-retest stability declines as the time interval increases; still good after 3 years (though sample is small)
- Orthogonality of SP and SR dimensions
(slides 4-6, p. 6 lecture slides)
What is the aim of factor analysis?
- The fewest orthogonal dimensions (aka ‘factors’ or ‘latent variables’) to plot personality
- The fewest factors onto which any high number of personality items ‘load’
(slide 2, p. 7 for example)
What do Costa & McCrae (and others) show about factor analysis?
---> the 5 factor model of personality is somewhat fundamental
- Neuroticism (stability) ~ BIS/SP; ~Harm avoidance
- Extraversion (introversion) ~ BAS/SR; ~Novelty seeking
- Openness to experience ~ Creativity
- Agreeableness (antagonism) ~ Eysenck’s psychoticism; Hexaco’s H/H
- Conscientiousness (undirectedness)
(see slide 6, p. 7 lecture notes)
What is the summary regarding psychometrics?
Torrubia et al’s SPSRQ shows good psychometric properties
What is the relationship of SP and SR axis (Gray) to Eysenck's axes?
Anxious person = Gray's high end of 'Susceptible to Punishment'
Impulsive person to Gray = Eysenck's Neurotic extravert
Impulsive person = Gray's high end of 'Susceptible to Reward'
(see pgs. 8 & 9 lecture notes)
Note:
Gray revised his view slightly he saw evidence that anxiety was more closely related to neuroticism than to introversion e.g. trait anxiety positively correlated with neuroticism and negatively correlated with extraversion.
What evidence supports Eysenck's proposal that extroverts prefer to socialise compared to introverts?
---> found that extraverts are more likely than introverts to attract and maintain networks of friends and to approach others for help when they are approaching a crises
(p. 166 differential textbook)
What are 3 limitations of Eysenck regarding trait theorising?
- he argues that personality determines the situations that individuals choose to be in ---> debatable
- 3 factors cannot possibly be a basic structure for personality
*benefits and limitations of Eysenck p. 167 differential psychology*
What evidence supports the Big 5?
- McCrae and Costa (1989)
- Boyle (1989) reported that it is broadly compatible with Eysenck's 3-factor measure
What do Costa and McCrae (1992) claim?
- the factors are found in different languages, ages and races
(p. 170 differential textbook)
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