Interpersonal Decisions
14 important questions on Interpersonal Decisions
What is a method of studying interpersonal decisions?
1. The Ultimatum Game
2. The Dictator Game
What is meant by the Ultimatum Game?
The proposer makes an offer to the responder. If the responder accepts the split (e.g. £6 to Proposer keeps, £4 to Responder), they both keep their split of money to take home.
If the responder rejects the offer (e.g. £9 to Proposer, £1 to Responder), NEITHER gets any money.
Regarding the Ultimatum Game, why do people reject low offers?
The ‘irrational’ rejection of monetary utility goes counter to classic narrow Economists’ view of ‘utility’(i.e. that the responder should accept all offers to maximise monetary gain)
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What factors could influence Interpersonal Decisions in Economic situations?
(‘I need to show I am not a pushover’)
2. ‘PROSOCIALITY’: FAIRNESS, ALTRUISM, SOCIAL NORMs
(‘I want to give a fair share to others’, ‘I should punish unfair people & cheats’)
3. MOTIVATION TO MAXIMISE MONETARY GAIN
(‘My objective is as much money as possible from this interaction’)
If so motivated, what is the best strategy?
STRATEGIC THINKING & SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE
(‘I should make a fairly high, though not fully equal offer’)
COGNITIVE CONTROL
(‘I should consider each decision carefully, and not be instinctual.’
‘Should I take money, or be fair?’, ‘How should I decide?’)
Regarding the Ultimatum Game, who investigated whether there is heritability in the responder behaviour?
Participants: same sex monozygotic and dizygotic twins (324 complete pairs; 650 individuals)
---> about 75% were women
Method: Ultimatum game
---> assessed the lowest acceptance threshold of the twins (i.e. who will accept the lowest amount)
Results: Ultimatum game responder behaviour shows individual differences, which are partly genetically driven
---> positive correlation in monozygotic twins (identical) i.e. the lowest acceptance threshold of one twin will predict the lowest acceptence threshold of the other twin)
---> no correlation in dizygotic twins
---> no sex differences
What does Wallace et al's study of the ultimatum game show about responders behaviour?
- These individual differences are partly genetically influenced
Who tested the effect of testosterone on the Ultimatum Game?
Participants: 26 Harvard postgraduates (limitation = small sample size)
Method: Offers constrained to be EITHER $5 OR $25 out of possible $40 pot
Results: Subjects who reject $5 out of $40 have significantly higher testosterone levels than those who accept
i.e. High Testosterone (TT) men are more likely to perceive a low offer as a ‘challenge’, an insult.
What is meant by reputation management?
---> why those with high testosterone reject lower offers in the ultimatum game.
What did Zak et al., (2009) demonstrate?
Method: They increased TT levels by spreading Androgel or control gel on subjects’ shoulders and upper back
---> shows that testosterone can change an individual's behaviour
Who investigated whether identical twins have more similar testosterone levels than fraternal twins?
---> they measured plasma testosterone (i.e. in the blood)
Results: Identical twin values are very similar (in both males & females)
= implies testosterone is heritable
---> testosterone values are not similar in non-identical twins
Who studied the influence of the oxytocin receptor in the Dictator Game?
---> studied a mutation in the oxytocin receptor
Results:
- LESS generous splits to the Recipient in the Dictator Game
- LESS ‘prosocial’ allocations in SVO task
i.e. if you have this mutation, you are less generous
What is the system that controls motivation by monetary gain?
Who studied cognitive control in the Ultimatum game?
Method:
---> used TMS on the right prefrontal cortex
Results:
---> impaired right prefrontal cortex increases acceptance rate in unfair offers, but the subjects still rate the offer as unfair
i.e. Disrupting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex disrupts the behavioural response to UNFAIRNESS, but does not affect the judgement of unfairness.
- Prefrontal Cortex (dorsolateral PFC) plays a key role in OVERRIDING impulses relating to monetary self-interest, enabling subjects to implement FAIRNESS goals
- DLPFC exerts cognitive control
Conc: disruption to DLPFC greatly altered responder behaviour in Ultimatum Game
(p. 9, slides 1-3 lecture notes)
What might the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex mediate?
---> because variations in grey matter volumes are strongly influenced by genetic factors, especially in the frontal regions
(slide 4, p. 9 lecture notes)
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