Home / Summaries / Class notes - Diversity 1 / critical-research-paradigm

Tracey, Sarah J. (2019) Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analyses, communicating impact. Hoboken NJ: Wiley and Sons

24 important questions on Tracey, Sarah J. (2019) Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analyses, communicating impact. Hoboken NJ: Wiley and Sons

In which four ways can paradigms differ?

Paradigms can differ based on ontology (the nature of reality), epistemology (the nature of knowledge), axiology (the values associated with areas of research and theorizing), or methodology (strategies for gathering, collecting, and analyzing data that connect with one’s philosophy about the world).

What do researchers from the positivist/realist paradigm assume?

They assume that a single true reality already exists “out there” in the world and is waiting to be discovered. They strive for research to mirror reality

What is different from the post-positivist paradigm?

A post‐positivist paradigm is like a positivist one, however, in contrast to positivists, post‐positivists believe with certainty that reality exists and that there is good reason to try to know it. However, they also submit that human researchers and their methods have inherent weaknesses and biases. They for example never talk about themselves or their prejudices because it could influence.
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What is triangulate and why do (post)-positivists like to use it?

It is using multiple types and sources of data, diverse methods of collection, various frames and multiple researchers. They want to have representative samples that provide a clear answer to the question "what is happening here?"

What do interpretivists/constructivists think about reality?

It is a social construction: reality is not something “out there,” which a researcher can clearly explain, describe, or translate into a research report. Rather, both reality and knowledge are constructed and reproduced through communication, interaction, and practice.

What does "verstehen" mean in science?

Dilthey and Weber introduced this German word to refer to the participatory approach of gaining empathic insight into others' viewpoints and attitudes

What is hermeneutics and how does this correspond with the constructivist view?

It is a holistic understanding with examining discourse and empathically imagining experience, motivations and context. This is because constructivists see human activity not as material reality that can be measured, but more something that can be interpreted

What is critical paradigm?

It is based on the idea that thought is fundamentally mediated by power relations and that actions cannot be separated from the way knowledge is institutionalized and produced: it cannot be separated from ideology. It has an ethical obligation to hulp/liberate those that are in a situation that is "not nice".

How is determined if critical research falls under the modern (positivist/realist) camp or into the "post" (modern/structuralist/humanist) camp?

On its emphasis: a critical realist study focuses on the strategies of overthrowing a structure, but scholars in the "post" are more concerned with the shifting, fluid and constructed nature of power relations

What is the definition of hegemony by Gramsci and how does it links with critical theory?

It is situations in which people accept values and norms that are not in their own best interests. Oppression is most forceful when subordinates do not consciously understand their domination, critical theory argues

What are the key assumptions that the critical paradigm of feminism holds?

(1) that patriarchy (or male dominance) exists; (2) that it unfairly reduces the role and value of women; and (3) that change – usually defined as equity – is preferable to the status quo.

What are highlights of the feminist approach?

Feminists believe that researchers have a moral responsibility to be aware of their own power, the potential for its abuse, and issues of reciprocity. They adopt an ethic of care, treating the people they study as collaborative research partners. Another hallmark of feminist research is polyvocality, or the “possibility for allowing for many voices, rather than simply that of the researcher”

What are examples of post paradigms and what is a characteristic of those?

They are like the critical paradigm in tying knowledge to power relations, but they see knowledge and power as something dispersed, unstable and plural. poststructuralism, postmodernism, posthumanism, postcolonialism, post qualitative, and critical indigenous inquiry are examples

Why is reality thought to be nearly impossible to represent?

They reject grand theories and master narratives, totalize truths and certainty, and view knowledge as fragmented, multiple, situated and multi-faceted

What does it mean when a problem is sedimented?

Solid and difficult to remedy

What is the crisis of representation for "post" paradigm?

The idea that all representations of meaning depend on their relations with other signs and representations; it is rhizomatic: root-like

What are some concepts that are typically "post" paradigm?

Pastiche = endless appropriation and recycling of older cultural forms to make new but familiar forms
Hyperreality = the idea that many representations are constructed but lack a "real" referent
Simulacrum = a representation that is a copy of something that never actually existed
Deconstructionism/Différance = Derrida (1982), key principales are to draw attention to symbols that are absent

What is the problem of incommensurability?

Choosing one paradigm can preclude the choice of another.

What are the three levels in which something can be researched?

micro (interactional), meso (organizational), and macro (societal/cultural) levels

What does tabula rasa mean in terms of grounded theory?

A blank slate that a researcher should be in order to approach the research the best

What is the difference between ethnography and ethnography of communication (EOC)?

EOC researchers examine the patterned rules, codes, and expectations for culturally distinctive speech communities, analyzing oral, spoken, and nonverbal norms of interaction and language use.

What is the meaning of unique adequacy requirement?

Garfinkel (1996) suggests that researchers should be able to competently practice the phenomena they study.

Many autoetnographies are marked by intersectionality; what is this?

It focuses  on how intersecting identity standpoints based on sexual orientation, gender identity, social class, ethnicity, religion, age, ability, and education emerge as salient in our interactions, and how these subject positions impact one’s privilege, marginalization, or vulnerability in life as lived

What is arts-based research (ABR)?

It incorporates aspects of the creative arts into the research study, emphasizing artistic practice as a way of exploring, knowing, and representing

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