Drilling
17 important questions on Drilling
Call the difference between 'upstream' and 'downstream' activities.
- all exploration activity
- drilling
- production
Downstream: (As soon as the oil and gas leave the platform)
- been cleaned of sand and water
- the gas and oil are ready for further transportation.
Main criteria for casing selection
2. Brust load: internal pressure the casing will exposed during drilling
3. Tension load: caused by string weight during running in (highest at the top joint)
4. Corrosion service: carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in formation fluids will cause rapid corrosion of standard carbon steel.
5. Buckling resistance: the load exerted on the casing if under compression
What are the parts of the drill string?
2. Stabilizer
3. Drill collars
4. Bit
So, Drill string is Drill pipe plus BHA
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Define high pore pressure and call the key processes involved in the forming of high pore pressure.
Key processes:
1. Compaction --> porosity reduction
2. Digenesis--> water rich Smectite transform to Illite, which is more compact
3. Sealing of formations --> ....
What are the in-situ key parameters which physically characterize the transient zone?
2. Higher porosity than expected at this depth--> correspondingly high water content.
3. Darcy equation describes the water flow through the seal very well.
Define normal formation pressure. Explain the following terms related to abnormal pressure:
-Artesian water
-Under-compression
-Clay diagenesis
-Tectionic area
Artesian water:
Under-compation: occurs during 'quick' sedimentation of clay trapping much water.
Tectonic area: causes high stresses and compressed reservoirs.
How can we prevent a kick?
What means pipe tripping?
Name 6 processes of how primary well control may be lost.
2. Mud density to low.
3. Drilling into neighbor.
4. Lost circulation due pwell>pfr
5. Not keeping the annulus full during tripping.
6. Embtying riser due to hidden gas (in OBM)
What is meant by lithosphere and asthenosphere?
Asthenosphere: plates laying under the lithosphere moving with low velocity.
How do you calculate wave length?
Formulate Huygens and Fermat's principle.
Fermat: The seismic waves will take the path of the least time. This can be derived by Snel's law.
Write down the equation of a convolution model of a seismic trace. Explain the symbols and the idea behind the convolution model.
x(t)= seismic recording
s(t)= source signature
r(t)= impulse response of the earth
Seismic recording is a convolution of a seismic source wavelet and a (unknown) response of the earth.
Define relative permeability and describe briefly its importance when producing an oil reservoir by water flooding.
Relative permeability gives the relative flow property of phase i and is a function of fluid phase saturation.
How do you calculate Microscopic recovery factor (MRF)
Field recovery factor = MRF * volumetric sweep (<1)
Describe briefly the principle behind a resistivity logging and describe what reservoir parameters could be obtained from such a tool?
Porosity and fluid saturation may be estimated
Define what a mineral is and what defines its hardness?
2. The hardness is defined by the chemical binding.
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