Summary: Early Development

Read the summary and the most important questions on Early Development

• 1 week 1 hoorcolleges

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• What was watson idea about nurture and nature

  He said that it was all nurture; kinderen zijn allemaal op dezelfde manier geboren, de omgeving vormt het kind tot een bepaald persoon

• Where was watson's idea an example of

  Behaviorism; the environment is the supreme force in child development

• Which example did we see where environment influences expression of our biology

  The example of the bees; 
  Only determined by the diet, not by the DNA. The bees have the same DNA but get different yelly > this influences the expression of our biologyRange of reaction; biology gives a range of developmental possibilities. 

• Why is it nature AND nurture instead of VS.

  - Question is not whether biological OR environmental factors are more important
  - But how expression of our biology is shaped the environment we meet (programming)

• What does the DOHahd hypothesis entail

  exposure to certain environmental influences during critical or sensitive periods of development may have significant consequences on an individual’s short and long-term health. 

• What is needed to study gene-environment contributions to individuals differences;

  1. Adoption studies; compare characteristics of adopted children with those of both their adoptive and biological parents
  2. Twin studies; compare the similarities between identical and fraternal twins reared together or apart. 

• What is the difference between the chorionic arrangements;

  A. Dichorionic twins; separate placentas and separate fetal circulations. Can be identical or fraternal twins
  B. Monochrionic twins; one placenta and one fetal circulation. Can only be identical twins.
  Identical twins can thus be monochorionic (MC) or dichorionic (DC). 

• Greater concordance for MC identical twins than for DC identical twins on;

  1. IQ scores
  2. Personality scores
  3. Schizophrenia
  4. Physiological measures. 

• What is the case of abby and brittany hensel

  Conjoined twins
  
  

• Give a summary of things learned in lecture 1

  · Our biology and environment interact, shaping our development
  · The first 1000 days play an important role in development
  · Probable that twin studies underestimated the influence of the prenatal environment
  · More about the prenatal environment