Biological embedding - mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal psychosocial stress
14 important questions on Biological embedding - mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal psychosocial stress
When is the HPA axis activated
especially affected by cortisol; PFC, hippocampus and amygdala
How can heightened cortisol levels in the mother lead to heightened cortisol levels in the fetus
2. Increased maternal cortisol concentrations may lead to increased production of placental CRH, which is related to fetal growth and size at birth
Administration of exogenous dexamethasone or corticosterone to pregnant animal mother is related to ........................ Of the offspring
- increased HPA axis reactivity
- glucose intolerance
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What does placenta 11-beta hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase type 2 do?
- Animals: maternal prenatal stress can affect placental functioning, also of the 11beta-HSD2 enzyme expression and activity
What are the effects of heightened cortisol concentrations of fetuses
- other placental functions
Where are higher levels of maternal adrenaline concentrations during late pregnancy associated with
Where is chronic stress related to
What does cytokines and stress do together
- Negative impact of pro-inflammatory cytokines on development of human fetal brain
Maternal stress only plays a role if stress period covers end of gestation. Chronic or long-lasting maternal prenatal stress may produce immune alterations in offspring
During delivery mothers transfer microbiota to their infant, what does this provide
Where are lower diversity and stability of infant mircobiota during first weeks related to
Lifestyle and health behaviors by psychological stress that lead to adverse child outcomes
- (emotional) eating: stress-induced unhealthy eating and changes in metabolism of nutrients during pregnancy can have effects on fetal development
- Sleep: disturbed sleep affects biological pathways
- Physical activity: moderate exercise increases functioning of placenta and birth weight, but only if its decreased in late pregnancy
o Opioid theory: exercise increases endorphin levels
o Exercise decreases cortisol, enhances serotonin production, leading to less sleep disturbances and reduced maternal depression
Genetic transmissiong and epigenetics
- Child outcomes can be attributed both to inherited genetic factors and to stress in prenatal environment
- Epigenetics: gene expressions
- Animals & humans: maternal prenatal stress influences activity and gene expression of the 11beta-HSD2 enzyme through epigenetic changes
What is the role of fetus
2 possible explanations for maternal self-reports often weakly or unrelated to maternal cortisol markers
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