Carbon and nutrients

34 important questions on Carbon and nutrients

How many percent of the carbon emission is because of fossil burning?

91%

How many percent does the ocean absorb?

26%

How many percent does the clouds obsorb?

44%
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How many percent does the trees absorb?

29%

What influences photosynthesis?

● Light, Photosynthetically active radiation, PAR
● Water and CO2 availability
● Availability of nitrogen in leaves (enzymes,
Rubisco)
● Temperature

What happens with O2 en CO2 when stomata closes due to drought?

The O2 level rises and the CO2 level drops.

What does the RuBisCO enzyme do?

It catalyzes the assimilation of atmospheric CO2 into organic matter.

What do you need to know about C3 photosynthesis (3 things)?

1. Consists of light reactions and Calvin cycles

2. Calvin Cycle is performed in the mesophyll cells and consists of three phases: carbon fixation using Rubisco, glucose formation and Rubisco regeneration.
3. Rubisco is inefficient due to photorespiration.

What do you need to know about C3 photosynthesis (3 things)?

1. Consists of light reactions and Calvin cycles

2. Calvin Cycle is performed in the mesophyll cells and consists of three phases: carbon fixation using Rubisco, glucose formation and Rubisco regeneration.
3. Rubisco is inefficient due to photorespiration.

What is an inefficiency of RuBisCO?

When the O2 concentrations are high it binds O (photorespiration) which can reduce the efficiency of a plant by 50%.

How can the C4 pathway occur?

Only in combination with the C3 pathway.

What spatial separation of processes happens with C4 pathway?

- C4 in mesophyll cells
- C3 in bundle sheet cells

What is the difference between mesophyll cells and bundle sheet cells

Bundle sheet cells have thick cell walls and contain centrifugally arranged chloroplasts whereas mesophyll cells contain randomly arranged chloroplasts.

Where are C4 plants adapted for and where can we find them?

Well adapted for hot and dry areas and can be found in Savannah and arid zones.

Where do we find C3 plants?

Forests in temperate zones.

What do plants with Crassulacean Acid Metabolism do?

They time separated the CO2 uptake and the photosynthesis. During the night the stomata opens allowing CO2 uptake. During the day the stomota closes and photosynthesis of stored CO2.

What is the disadvantage of Crasssulacean Acid Metabolism?

Plants grow very slowly.

What is a redox reaction?

The oxidation of organic molecules (glucose) to supply energy for plant functions such as transport to cell membranes.

How does an biomass/forest inventory work?

Measure change in tree number and distribution of tree trunk diameters and heights for a given area over a certain time interval.

What are four future changes in decomposition?

1. Climate and management affect aggregate formation.
2. Temperature affects the chemical processes of SOM.
3. Precipitation and Evaporation will change and lead to summertime drying.
4. Melting of permafrost will expose organic matter.

What are four functions of nutrients?

1. Acting as catalyst for biochemical reactions.
2. Electron acceptor and donor.
3. Structual plant tissue and molecular component.
4. Osmosis: determining plant cell permeability.

Why are nitrogen and carbon cycles so important? (name four)

1. Plant available is scarce.
2. Adding antropogenic N.
3. Accelerated SOM turnover.
4. Productivity response to elevated CO2.

How can NPP be calculated?

NPP = GPP - Respiration

What is solar radiation energy?

The visible light spectrum that is absorbed by pigments in the chloroplasts.

Why do plants use solar radiation energy?

To decrease entropy by creating a higher order in the system.

What takes places in the chloroplasts in plant leaves?

Photosynthesis

What are three ways to calculate the belowground NPP?

1. Sequential coring
2. Minirhizotron observations
3. Ingrowth cores

What is sequential coring?

Measuring root mass in cores over a short period of time.

What is minirhizotron observations?

Below ground camera taking pictures.

What is ingrowth cores?

Measure growth of new roots in empty soil.

What two things do you need to know about heterotrophic respiration?

1. It increases in GPP resulting in increased organic matter availability for microbial metabolism
2. Enhanced climate-driven mineralization primarily led by increases in temperatures.

What are observed nitrogen addition responses? (4 things) N additions generally...

1. It stimulates above ground biomass growth.
2. Reduction in soil respiration.
3. Depends on other co-limiting factors.
4. Can saturate and show reverse effect.

What are observed nitrogen addition responses? (4 things) N additions generally...

1. It stimulates above ground biomass growth.
2. Reduction in soil respiration.
3. Depends on other co-limiting factors.
4. Can saturate and show reverse effect.

Are respiration reactions positive or negative related to temperature.

Positive (feedback)

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