Evaporation

8 important questions on Evaporation

What are three issues on observation techniques? (3 things)

1. Measuring low-intensity precipitation when
interception losses are high.
2. Through-fall has high spatial variability.
3. Stem-flow is difficult to measure accurately.

Name three things that can help with observation techniques. (3 things)

1. Use a tipping bucket for continuous records.
2. Use many rain gauges randomly spread over the forest floor, use troughs or sheets.
3. Rearrange rain gauges in between rain events.

Name three models for modelling interception:

1. Regression analysis
2. Rutter's model
3. Gash model
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What are two disadvantages of the regression analysis?

1. It is only valid locally.
2. Seasonally appropriate measurements are needed.

What are two differences between Rutter's and Gash model?

1. The Gash model represents rainfall pattern by a series of discrete
storms, separated by sufficiently long intervals for canopy and trunks to dry up completely.
2. In the Gash model the meteorological conditions during wetting up of canopy are similar to those during storms, which means is doesn't require meteorological data of high resolution.

On what three things does interception depends on?

1. Vegetation characteristics
2. Rainfall characteristics
3. Meteorological characteristics

What are two limitations on the Rutter's model?

1. Time steps of one day.
2. Daily rain is assumed to fall in one event.

What are the four parameter estimations in the Rutter's model?

1. Free throughfall fraction (p).
2. Fractions of rain hitting the trunks and branches (pt).
3. Storage capacity of the canopy (S).
4. Storage capacity of the trunks.

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