Effects on nervou systems hormones
8 important questions on Effects on nervou systems hormones
How is a humans nervous system put together?
1. Central nervous system
2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The central nervous system consists of:
1. Brain
2. Spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system consists of:
1. Sensory nervous system
2. Motor nervous system
3. Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system consists of:
Sympathetic nervous system (Fight, flight, Freeze)
Parasympathetic nervous system (Calm down)
Which three types of neurons exist and what do they entail?
Convey information from organs and tissues to the central nervous system (CNS).
2. Efferent neurons:
Transmit signals from the CNS to organs and cells (e.g. Intentional movements of arms and legs)
3. Interneurons:
Connect neurons within specific regions of the CNS.
What are the definitions of hyperpolarization and depolarization?
When the inside of the cell gets more negative than it already was. This happens when the potassium channels open at the resting state. Positive potassium ions flow out the already negative cell which results that the environment in the cell gets even more negative than it already was.
Depolarization:
When the inside of the cell gets more positive than it at its resting state. This happens when the sodium channels open at the resting state. Positive sodium ions flow from outside the cell into the negative cell which results that the environment in the cell becomes more positive.
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What does the refractory period do, how does is it realized and with what purpose?
The refraction period ensures that for a certain period the potential gradient across the membrane is slightly hyperpolarized compared to the resting state.
How:
- Temporary inactivation of the sodium channels.
- The occurrence of the undershoot.
Why:
To ensure that a reaction along the axon occurs in one direction which is at the side that no inactivation of sodium channels is initiated and no undershoot has occurred (yet).
Explain in a 3 step overview the conduction of the action potential along the axon.
2. The Action potential travels in only one direction along the axon towards the synaptic terminals.
3. The inactivation of the sodium channels together with the created overshoot after the action potential in a region ensures that it travels in only one direction as the temporary inactivation and undershoot makes it impossible to create a new action potential temporarily.
This process repeats itself along the axon until it reaches the synaptic terminals.
On which 5 parts of the nervous system are potential points of attack and what are the targets of a typical neurotoxin?
1. (Receptor)Cells
2. Ion channels (remain open or closed)
3. Synthhesis of proteints (Enzymes don't function anymore)
4. Axons
5. Myelin sheats.
Neurotoxins typically target the neuron, the axon, myelinating cells, or the chemical transmission of one cell to another.
How do the fundamentals of hormone signaling work?
1. Hypothalamus gives a signal with a hormone towards the pituirary gland in the brain.
2. The pituitary gland sends hormones to the ovary (female) or testes (male).
3. The ovary release Estrogen and the Testes release testosteron. To much of these hormones will give a signal to the brain to stop producing hormones that stimulate the production of Estrogen and Testosteron.
In which 3 ways can an endocrine disruptive chemicals interfere with the Hormone signaling system
1. (Partly) mimic naturally occuring hormones in the body which results in overstimulation.
2. Inhibiting the hormone signal system by binding and therefore blocking the receptors for the natural hormones preventing the body to respond to the excreted hormones by the brain.
3. Interfere or block the production of hormones by altering the metabolism.
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