Effects on ecosystem & global effects + Risk
9 important questions on Effects on ecosystem & global effects + Risk
What is meant with the Most sensitive species aproach?
What is the definition of a trophic cascade?
What are the two hypothesis for the extinction of species?
1. Rivet poppet hypothesis: Each species within an ecosystem is from equal importance.
2. Redundancy hypothesis: Loss of some species in the ecosystem will not influence the community function as long as the keystone are maintained.
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How is a toxicant able to affect the abundance of species?
Which 4 types of measuring exist for measuring an ecosystem?
1. Microcosms: Model ecosystem on a small scale in a lab.
2. Mesocosms: Larger estblished ecosystem outside (this one is less controllable)
3. Field study: Manipulation in a field in which the manipulated field is compared to a regular natural piece of field.
4. Biomonitoring: Monitor on real ecosystems.
Through which two processes can persistent organic pollutants arrive at the poles?
1. Global fractionation: The process at which volatile persistent molecules volitilize with high temperatures into the atmosphere and migrate towards to the direction of the pole. When the temperature cools down the molecles condese and precipitate back on earth. Small molecules tend to get further as they vollatilize earlier.
2. Grass hopper effect: Mulitiple global fractionations in cesecutive seasons that ensures that after a number of seasons the pollutants precipitate on the poles.
Note: Most organic pollutant are found in the north pole as in the northern hemisphere more factory activities are located then south of the hemisphere.
What is the definition of risk in ecotoxicology?
Which 2 types of risk assesment exist?
1. Retroactive risk assesment:
Risk assesment is don after an event to analyze its probability and the probability of its adverse effects.
2. Predictive risk assesment:
Risk assesment is done on before an event to predict the probability of the adverse effect
What is the MAC and how does one calculate the MAC?
Definition MAC: Maximum allowable concentration. This need to be set in accrodance with the most sensible species approach. Since it is impossible to measure the NOEC of all species the MAC is calculated with an assesment factor.
Assesment factor = 10 in absence of chronic exposure experiments and absensence of testing multiple species.
Assement factor = 100 with chronic exposed noecs at at least three species in different throphic levels.
MAC = NOEC (moest sensitive species) / assesment factor.
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