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Emergence of Psychology

61 important questions on Emergence of Psychology

What did Pierre Flourens (1794-1867) do?

He conducted experiments on animals to demonstrate that removing parts of the brain affected the animals behaviour.

What did Paul Broca (1825-1880) do?

Worked with a patient with aphasia who could only "tan". After the patient died he performed an autopsy which showed damage to the inferior frontal gyrus. This is in the frontal lobe on the left hemisphere and is now known as 'Broca's area'.

What did Carl Wernicke (1848-1905) do?

Worked with a stroke patient who could hear and speak but couldn't understand what was being said to him. After his death Wernicke found damage to the temporal lobe in the left hemisphere, this is 'Wernicke's area'.
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What does physiological psychology look at?

Neural mechanisms of behaviour, in experiments they manipulate the nervous system of non-human animals.

What does comparative psychology look at?

Evolutions, genetics and adaptiveness of behaviour.

What is a lesion?

They are abnormalities in the brain tissue from disease, injury or surgery. Can be useful for determining which part of the brain is responsible for a specific function. You can't deliberately damage a brain, it is unethical.

What is electroencephalography (EEG)?

it uses electrodes on the scalp to record activity of brain cells. it has good temporal resolution (immediate images) and is low cost, however it has poor spatial resolution (isn't specific).

What is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

Detects change in oxygenated blood caused by activation of brain regions. It has high spatial resolution (specific) and doesn't require the ingestion of radioactive substances. It does have a poor temporal resolution (delay in the images) and it is expensive.

What are Niko Tinbergen's 4 whys (levels of causality)?

  • Proximate or mechanistic cause
  • Developmental or ontogenetic cause (individual)
  • Phylogenetic or historical cause (species)
  • Functional or ultimate cause (why do we?)

What is special about the human race?

  • Intelligence- Our brain is 3 times the size of a chimpanzee.
  • Language- Combination of vocabulary, grammar and syntax.
  • Theory of mind- We are conscious of our own and others beliefs, attitudes and desire.
  • Highly social- More than chimpanzees.
  • Bipedalism- Walking upright is important for many unique human traits.
  • Carnivorous- High source of energy necessary for the brain growth and maintenance.

What are the human universals, traits shared by all groups of humans?

  • The ability to learn a language at a young age.
  • New born babies can distinguish faces from other objects.
  • Males are more violent.
  • Facial expression of faces.
  • Males prefer physical attractiveness while females prefer resources in mates.

What are the bonds within a DNA strand?

Covalent bonds are between the bases and hydrogen bonds are used between the strands. Covalent bonds are strong and the hydrogen bonds are weak.

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

  • Frontal lobe- Executive functioning.
  • Temporal lobe- Hearing, language and memory.
  • Parietal lobe-  Processes information about touch and visuo-motor guidance.
  • Occipital lobe- Processes visual information.

What abilities appear more dominant in the right hemisphere?

Perceiving spatial relations and recognising faces.

What happens if a word is flashed on the right side of a patient with a split brain?

The message is sent to the left hemisphere, they are able to verbally describe it and write it with their right hand.

What are the assumptions of the information processing approach?

  • Cognition occurs through a series of sequential stages.
  • Each stage performs unique process on incoming information received from the environment.
  • The response is assumed to be a product of these processes.

What does the cognitive revolution state?

That there is a stimulus, sensory processing, a decision, memory might be involved and then a response.

What is computational models?

it involves recreating some aspects of human cognition in the form of computer programs. A limitation is that there is a lack of method to relate a computational model behaviour to human behaviour. it is also difficult to take into account every cognitive factor when creating a model.

What is event related potentials (ERP's)?

It measures electrical brain activity on the scalp, it takes several readings for the same stimulus are taken and then an average is worked out. A pro is that it gives a timeline and a con is that it is only useful with simple stimuli.

What is second order conditioning?

Conditioning where US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS.

What is meant by extinction in term of classical conditioning?

The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is no longer followed by the US.

What is generalisation in terms of classical conditioning?

An increase in responding to a stimulus because of its similarity to a CS that was paired with a US.

What is discrimination in terms of classical conditioning?

The capability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli.

What does Aversion therapy attempt to do?

To condition a repulsion to a stimulus that triggers unwanted by pairing with a noxious UCS.

What is aversion punishment?

Application of aversion stimuli which weakens the response.

What is Operant extinction?

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced.

Who is after social rewards?

Secondary reinforcers

What is operant discrimination?

Where the response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not another.

What controls physiological reactions?

The autonomic nervous system (ANS). It is divided into 2 sections: the Sympathetic ANS and the Parasympathetic ANS.

What is the Cannon- Bard Perspective?

They argued that physiological reactions are indistinguishable across most emotions. The emotions are distinguishable by the pattern of cortical stimulation that arises. Both the autonomic arousal and subjective experience at the same time.

What is the Schacter- Singer Perspective?

Emotions are inferences about the causes of undifferentiated physiological arousal.

Where is the amygdala and what is it associated with?

It is located in the medial temporal lobe and is thought to evaluate the emotional relevant aspects of a stimulus. It is associated with various types of emotion and has a strong response to fear stimuli.

What did Darwin suggest about emotional expressions?

That emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone. The ability to recognise basic emotions does appear to be cross cultural.

What are the stages of memory?

Encoding- Getting information into the system by translating it into neural code that your brain processes.
Storage- Retaining information over time.
Retrieval- Processes that access stored information.

What is sensory memory?

Briefly holds incoming sensory information.

What is short term memory?

A memory store that holds limited information temporarily.

What are memory codes and what are the 4 types?


Mental representation of some types of information of stimulus.
  • Visual codes- mental images
  • Phonological codes- Sounds
  • Sematic codes- The meaning of the stimulus
  • Motor codes- Patterns of movement

What is digit span test?

Used to assess a persons short term memory capacity.

What is central executive?

Directs overall action, controls the focus of attention and integrates information in the episodic buffer.

What is the serial position effect?

The ability to recall an item is influenced by the items position in a list.
Primary effect- Superior recall of early items due to rehearsal
Recency effect- Superior recall of recent items due to lingering in short term memory.

What is effortful processing?

Encoding that is initially intentional and requires conscious attention.

What is phonological encoding?

Remembering how the stimulus sounds (intermediate processing).

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Simple repetition to keep the information active in the short term memory.

What is dual coding theory?

Encoding information with verbal and visual codes and enhances memory.

What is method of loci?

A memory aid that associates information with mental images of physical locations.

What is a mnemonic device?

A memory aid that recognises information into more meaningful units.

What is a schema?

A mental framework about some aspect of the world.

What is associative network?

A massive network of associated ideas of concepts. Each node represents a concept and a line represents a connection, the shorter the line the closer the connection.

What is a retrieval cue?

A stimulus that activates information stored in long term memory.
The more distinct the stimuli the better chance of it being remembered.

Why are stimuli that trigger an emotional response tend to be remembered better?

Stress hormones are released causing an increased activation of the amygdala.

What are autobiographical memories?

Recollections of personally experienced events that make up the story of our lives.

What are flashbulb memories?

Recollections that seem so vivid and clear that we can picture them as if they were snapshots of moments in time.
Most likely occur for a distinct event but many details are incorrect.

What are encoding specificity principle?

Memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding.

What is context-dependent memory?

It is typically easier to remember something in the same environment it was originally encoded in.

What is encoding failure?

Much of what we sense simply is not processed deeply enough to commit to memory. Could be due to lack of attention or deep processing.

What is the decay theory?

Proposed that with time and disuse the long term physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away. The issue is the oldest memories don't always disappear first.

What is the interference theory?

We forget information because other items in long term memory impair our disability to retrieve it.

What is tip of the tongue state?

We cannot recall something but feel that we are on the verge of remembering it.

What is prospective memory?

Remembering to perform an activity in the future.

What are the symptoms of alzheimers?

  • Forgetfulness
  • Poor judgement
  • Confusion
  • Disorientation

They have an abnormal amount of plaques and tangles.

What is infantile amnesia?

We are unable to remember personal experiences from the first few years. Could be due to the immaturity of the brain regions that encode long-term memories or a failure of deep encoding.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

Emergence of Psychology

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