Summary: Emotie (Tycho)

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• College 1+2; history

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• What is the difference between emotion and basic drives?

  Basic drives reflect the needs of the body, not responses tot external stimuli

• How did greek thinkers think about the role of emotion for a good life?

  Aristotle (350BC): - Judgements can be influenced by emotions
  --> Cultivation of proper, balanced emotional experience is important for good decisions.
  
  Hedonists: The only intrinsic good is pleasure (absence of pain and presence of enjoyable sensations)
  --> Take momentary pleasure wherever you can get it  
  
  Epicureans (300 BC): Greatest good is modest pleasure in the absence of pain and freedom from distress and worry
  --> abstinence is desirable, demonstrating emotional control 
  
  Stoics: Emotions are false judgements and neet to be overcome to be a clear thinker
  --> avoid emotions through self-discipline, rely on logical thinking

• Who rediscovered emotion, and what were his thoughts?

  Herbert Spencer (1855)
  
  Very modern view: Highlighting the links between cognition, emotion, and memory.

• What are the 3 components from the psychoanalytic theory of Freud (1920)?

  Id: Basic drives, instincts, desires. "I want"
  Ego: Sense of self, Mediator. "I will"
  Superego: Moral: right and wrong. "I should"

• Emotion formation according to Freud?

  - Derived from instincts and drives, and occur when a drive is blocked.
  - Emotions as conscious feelings of unexpressed unconscious desires
  - Repression of emotions can lead to mental illness
  
  Theory was influential but wrong:
  - Not based on experimentation, more philosophical, not falsifiable
  - Freud paved the way for modern investigations of conscious vs unconscious brain processes

• What did Darwin discover regarding emotion?

  The universal expression of emotion.
  - Focus on physical expression of emotion: most objective measure
  - Similarities in emotional expression across cultures and species: expression of emotion is largely innate (aangeboren, natuurlijk)
  - In human adults, only some expressions have an adaptive function, others are vestigial (no longer useful)

• What are the few basic, discrete emotion categories?

  - Innate and culturally universal
  - Triggered by external stimuli or events
  - Dedicated neural circuitry for each emotion 
  - Emotion specific stereotyped response
  --> each instance of an emotion has the same pattern of behavior, bodily activation, facial expression, and perhaps even conscious experience

• What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

  Stimulus --> bodily response --> feeling
  
  We are afraid because we tremble and run from a bear. Not the other way around
  
  More specific:
  Stimulus --> Sensory cortex --> motor cortex --> bodily changes --> sensory cortex --> feeling

• What is a cognitive appraisal theory?

  Emotions as cognitive judgements of situations.
  Common sense: the same stimulus can trigger different emotions, depending on the situation and our interpretation.

• What did the study of Dutton & Aron (1974) show? (experiment on the bridge)

  Misattribution of arousal: Physiological arousal related to fear mislabeled as romantic arousal