Individual emotions
11 important questions on Individual emotions
Why is fear the most widely studied emotion?
- Rapid and brief response to external stimulus
- motivates action to avoid pain or punishment
- Fear is often useful, protects us from danger
- innate (loud noise, snake) vs learned (guns)
What are behavioral & autonomic responses of fear?
- Similar for anger, but fear more potent
- Facial expression: eye whites, raised and contracted eye brows, mouth slightly open
What are early and recent findings on the amygdala?
- Kluver-Bucy-like symptoms when only amygdala lesioned instead of whole temporal lobe
- Effect on social hierarchies: lesioned monkeys drop in social rank
Modern amygdala studies on fear:
- Joseph LeDoux, rodent work: role in fear conditioning (2 pathways)
- Ralph Adolphs, human patients with bilateral amygdala damage: deficits in fear recognition
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
What is the subcortical low road and what are its differences compared to the cortical high road?
- Removal of auditory thalamus: no freezing
- Rapid thalamus-amygdala pathway is sufficient for conditioned fear response
- Cortical pathway allows for detailed stimulus representation (subtle tone differences)
Functional differences between low and high road- Low thalamic road to amygdala is faster than high cortical road (12 vs 24 ms)
- Coarse vs. Fine stimulus representation
- unconscious cs. Conscious? Automatic vs controlled? --> experiments in the visual modality in humans
(affective blindsight
What happens when the amygdala gets damaged?
Severe recognition impairments specific to fearful facial expressions: does not attend the eye regions
What is disgust and its responses?
- rapid and visceral response to something inedible or something unclean
- motivates action to avoid contact with something, particularly with the mouth
- newborns show disgust expression to bitter tastes
- Most of disgust responses are learned: from avoidance of feces to more complex object associations
Behavioral & autonomic responses- Nausea, gagging, vomitting
- opposite of fear, except for sweating
- decreased heart rate, blood pressure, increased salivation
- Facial expression: Wrinkling of the nose, raising of the upper lip
Are fear and disgust opposites? Name reasons why(not)
- Fear (anticipation of pain)
Sensory vigilance --> increase sensory exposure --> detect source of threat
- Disgust (avoiding pain of unpleasant taste)
Sensory rejection --> diminish sensory exposure --> avoid contaminants
- Opposite appearance of fearful and disgusted faces
- Opposite facial actions for posing fear and disgust
Posing fear and disgust have opposite effects on perception and action:- Larger visual field when posing fear
- Faster eye movements during target detection when posing fear
- Increase in air velocity during inspiration when posing fear
Why is anger difficult to measure and what is it
- Anger can occur without aggression, and aggression without anger (killing prey for food)
- But only aggression can be measured in animals
- Anger is not an automatic response to a specific stimulus, but depends on appraisal:
- Threatening provocations or offence
- someone's elses (controllable) fault
Behavioral & autonomic responses- posture, voice altered
- arousal similar to fear, but self-perpetuating:
Hypothalamus --> adrenal gland --> stress hormones (cortisol) --> hypothalamus
- Facial expression: tightened lips, wide eyes, lowered eyebrows, raised lower lids
What is the anger circuit in the brain?
Many brain areas have been implicated in anger such as
OFC, medial, ventromedal, lateral prefrontal cortex
Anterior and posterior cingulate cortex
Amygdala (?)
What is the function of crying?
--> communication, drawing attention
But adults cry alone...?
humans cry tears...
- blurs vision, handicaps aggressive actions: could be signal of submission, for attachment, need, appeasement
- Is crying carthatic (to relief stress)? Unknown.
Is there a pain circuit?
- also OFC, prefrontal areas, temporal regions, subcortical structures, midbrain regions
- no sadness center
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
