Social and Cultural Foundations
61 important questions on Social and Cultural Foundations
The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by
a.the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.
b.the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally different clients without three hours of relevant graduate work in this area.
c.the 1972 ethic which required a 3,000-hour practicum in order to work with culturally different clients.
d.urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses.
a.the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (P.L. 88–352) prohibiting discrimination for reasons of gender, race, religion, or national origin was instrumental in terms of setting the stage for minority concerns
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (P.L. 88–352) prohibiting discrimination for reasons of gender, race, religion, or national origin was instrumental in terms of setting the stage for minority concerns
The term contextualism implies that
a.multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession.
b.behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.
c.the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate.
d.projective tests are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross-cultural counseling.
b.behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.
Let’s dispense of choice “a” by pointing out that although Frank Parsons, the Father of Guidance, acknowledged the significance of culture, it did not really begin to emerge as a true accepted subspecialty until the 1970s. A person’s perception of his or her relationship to the world as a whole is often termed a worldview. Choice “b” is a textbook definition of contextualism.
Let’s dispense of choice “a” by pointing out that although Frank Parsons, the Father of Guidance, acknowledged the significance of culture, it did not really begin to emerge as a true accepted subspecialty until the 1970s. A person’s perception of his or her relationship to the world as a whole is often termed a worldview. Choice “b” is a textbook definition of contextualism.
Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
a.as she felt it was too psychoanalytic.
b.as she felt it was too behavioristic.
c.as she felt it was not applicable to African Americans.
d.as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.
d.as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.
According to Gilligan, Kohlberg’s theory did not delineate the fact that women place more emphasis on caregiving and personal responsibility than do men, who focus more on individual rights and justice.
According to Gilligan, Kohlberg’s theory did not delineate the fact that women place more emphasis on caregiving and personal responsibility than do men, who focus more on individual rights and justice.
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_______ helped to abet the multicultural counseling movement.
a.Arthur Jensen’s views on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism)
b.The civil rights movement
c.Jung’s feeling that all men and women from all cultures possess a collective unconscious
d.The Tarasoff Duty
b.The civil rights movement
First remember that intercultural counseling means the same thing as multicultural counseling. Jensen, choice “a,” tried to prove that Blacks had lower IQs due to genetic factors, while the Tarasoff case mentioned in choice “d” resulted in the counselor’s duty to warn an intended victim who might be the target of danger or violence.
First remember that intercultural counseling means the same thing as multicultural counseling. Jensen, choice “a,” tried to prove that Blacks had lower IQs due to genetic factors, while the Tarasoff case mentioned in choice “d” resulted in the counselor’s duty to warn an intended victim who might be the target of danger or violence.
When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to
a.the prognosis.
b.the diagnosis.
c.the intervention.
d.attending behavior.
a.the prognosis.
Prognosis refers to the probability that one can recover from a condition. When dictating on cases the counselor would do well to discuss the length of treatment and the status expected at the end of treatment.
Prognosis refers to the probability that one can recover from a condition. When dictating on cases the counselor would do well to discuss the length of treatment and the status expected at the end of treatment.
When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to
a.recommendations.
b.the diagnosis.
c.the prognosis.
d.the notion of transference.
a.recommendations.
One difficulty with formal diagnosis (i.e., using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association) is that a given diagnosis does not imply or recommend a given treatment process. The DSM will not tell you, for example, to treat a major depression with reality therapy or an adjustment disorder with mixed emotional features using a client-centered approach.
One difficulty with formal diagnosis (i.e., using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association) is that a given diagnosis does not imply or recommend a given treatment process. The DSM will not tell you, for example, to treat a major depression with reality therapy or an adjustment disorder with mixed emotional features using a client-centered approach.
Some research suggests that very poor economic conditions correlate very highly with
a.passivity.
b.nonassertive behavior.
c.a and b.
d.aggression.
d.aggression.
This is not a new phenomenon. Research indicates that in the late 1800s and the first 30 years of the 20th century lynchings in the South increased as cotton prices dropped!
This is not a new phenomenon. Research indicates that in the late 1800s and the first 30 years of the 20th century lynchings in the South increased as cotton prices dropped!
A wealth of research demonstrates that
a.surprisingly enough, African Americans generally request Asian counselors.
b.surprisingly enough, Asians generally request African-American counselors.
c.in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.
d.in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race, yet a different culture.
c.in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.
In multicultural counseling, “likes attract.” Social psychologists who have studied attraction tell us that similarity increases attraction. The phrase “in most instances” was intentional. Research demonstrates that if the other person is a member of a different nationality, race, or culture but is perceived as “similar” (i.e., more like you than someone of the same race and culture), then you still will be more attracted to the individual perceived as “similar” despite race or cultural barriers.
In multicultural counseling, “likes attract.” Social psychologists who have studied attraction tell us that similarity increases attraction. The phrase “in most instances” was intentional. Research demonstrates that if the other person is a member of a different nationality, race, or culture but is perceived as “similar” (i.e., more like you than someone of the same race and culture), then you still will be more attracted to the individual perceived as “similar” despite race or cultural barriers.
Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that
a.one culture will have norms which differ only slightly from another.
b.culture excludes customs.
c.culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.
d.culture is never socially learned.
c.culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.
Cultures often differ markedly from each other, and most experts would agree that the customs are nearly always learned and shared with members of the society.
Cultures often differ markedly from each other, and most experts would agree that the customs are nearly always learned and shared with members of the society.
A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm
a.describes how people are supposed to act.
b.has little to do with expectations.
c.is irrelevant when counseling a client.
d.all of the above.
a.describes how people are supposed to act.
Choice “b” is the direct antithesis of the correct alternative choice “a.” Some multicultural practitioners suggest that culture is really a system of norms. Here is an important distinction: A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm describes the expectations of how one should act.
Choice “b” is the direct antithesis of the correct alternative choice “a.” Some multicultural practitioners suggest that culture is really a system of norms. Here is an important distinction: A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm describes the expectations of how one should act.
_______ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.
a.Mark Savickas—a major figure in career counseling
b.Alfred Adler—the Father of Individual Psychology
c.Maxie Maultsby—the Father of Rational Behavior Therapy (RBT)
d.Frank Parsons—the Father of Guidance, who wrote Choosing a Vocation
d.Frank Parsons—the Father of Guidance, who wrote Choosing a Vocation
Frank Parsons and his associates are considered the first social reformers concerned with guidance in the United States.
Frank Parsons and his associates are considered the first social reformers concerned with guidance in the United States.
Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by
a.ecological culture.
b.mores.
c.regional and national culture.
d.universal culture.
d.universal culture.
The Human Genome Project has verified that biologically we are all more alike than different. The adept multicultural counselor will always keep in mind that he or she—like the client—is a product of universal culture.
The Human Genome Project has verified that biologically we are all more alike than different. The adept multicultural counselor will always keep in mind that he or she—like the client—is a product of universal culture.
In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale which evaluated
a.socioeconomic trends.
b.how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.
c.disadvantaged youth.
d.language barriers between Blacks and Asians.
b.how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.
Ethnicity can be defined as that which pertains to a large group of individuals who are categorized by national, religious, linguistic, or cultural attributes. Measurement of attitudinal attributes began in the 1920s. The Bogardus data were indicative of negative attitudes toward a number of groups, including Blacks, Jews, Mexicans, and Turks. A replication of the study in 1947 revealed that the negative attitudes still prevailed.
Ethnicity can be defined as that which pertains to a large group of individuals who are categorized by national, religious, linguistic, or cultural attributes. Measurement of attitudinal attributes began in the 1920s. The Bogardus data were indicative of negative attitudes toward a number of groups, including Blacks, Jews, Mexicans, and Turks. A replication of the study in 1947 revealed that the negative attitudes still prevailed.
Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society
a.is defined as a set of mores.
b.has a distinct lack of norms.
c.is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.
d.none of the above.
c.is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.
The boundaries of a culture and a society are not the same. Cultures operate within societies; however, all members of a given society may not share the same culture.
The boundaries of a culture and a society are not the same. Cultures operate within societies; however, all members of a given society may not share the same culture.
Ethnocentrism
a.uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others.
b.means race.
c.is a genetic term.
d.all of the above.
a.uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others.
Statements like “superior race,” “savages,” “backward people,” or “the chosen few” capture the essence of the concept of ethnocentrism. In short, all societies are ethnocentric in the sense that they use their own view as a standard of reference and view themselves as superior. Again, ethnocentrism conveys the notion that one’s own group is superior.
Statements like “superior race,” “savages,” “backward people,” or “the chosen few” capture the essence of the concept of ethnocentrism. In short, all societies are ethnocentric in the sense that they use their own view as a standard of reference and view themselves as superior. Again, ethnocentrism conveys the notion that one’s own group is superior.
All of these statements are ethnocentric except
a.you can’t trust anyone over the age of 40.
b.Americans are generous.
c.Blue-collar workers are mean and selfish.
d.the Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico.
d.the Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico.
Ethnocentrism is based on opinion while choice “d” is fact. Ethnocentrism was clearly expressed in the World War II joke which suggested that Hitler couldn’t build a race of supermen because Superman could only be an American.
Ethnocentrism is based on opinion while choice “d” is fact. Ethnocentrism was clearly expressed in the World War II joke which suggested that Hitler couldn’t build a race of supermen because Superman could only be an American.
Balance theory postulates
a.a move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency.
b.a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency.
c.a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.
d.b and c.
d.b and c.
Here’s a minireview: Inconsistent thoughts are often referred to as “dissonance.” Most counselors agree that dissonance is a distasteful state of mind which the individual will attempt to change.
Here’s a minireview: Inconsistent thoughts are often referred to as “dissonance.” Most counselors agree that dissonance is a distasteful state of mind which the individual will attempt to change.
Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive
a.are nonassertive.
b.are aggressive.
c.have other positive traits.
d.are socially adept but not very intelligent.
c.have other positive traits.
This can cause the professional counselor difficulty if he or she tends to minimize a client’s problems merely because he or she is good-looking. For example, a thought such as “with looks like that she is no doubt the life of the party” demonstrates how the counselor erroneously assumes that a woman who is good-looking will have good social skills and feel comfortable at a social gathering. Clients—like books—cannot be judged by their covers, yet this tendency is quite common.
This can cause the professional counselor difficulty if he or she tends to minimize a client’s problems merely because he or she is good-looking. For example, a thought such as “with looks like that she is no doubt the life of the party” demonstrates how the counselor erroneously assumes that a woman who is good-looking will have good social skills and feel comfortable at a social gathering. Clients—like books—cannot be judged by their covers, yet this tendency is quite common.
Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor’s diagnosis
a.must be performed without regard to cultural issues.
b.must be done within a cultural context.
c.a and b.
d.none of the above.
b.must be done within a cultural context.
The “cultural approach to normality” suggests that the behavior of the majority of the people defines what is considered “normal.” An important point to note, however, is that deviant behavior, such as in the case of a very powerful leader or a genius, may be lauded.
The “cultural approach to normality” suggests that the behavior of the majority of the people defines what is considered “normal.” An important point to note, however, is that deviant behavior, such as in the case of a very powerful leader or a genius, may be lauded.
A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ________ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture.
a.less
b.more
c.the same
d.more realistic
a.less
We demand more rigid standards from our own culture.
We demand more rigid standards from our own culture.
In terms of diagnosis,
a.a client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.
b.culture is irrelevant in children under 14.
c.culture is an issue with males, but not with females.
d.culture is an issue with females, but not with males.
a.a client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.
Again, the concept of “cultural relativism” implies that one’s behavior can only be evaluated in relation to the culture. Behavior in one culture cannot be judged by that which is considered normal in another culture. Behavioral scientists have thus attempted to create “cultural free” diagnostic instruments, but as of this date none has been totally effective.
Again, the concept of “cultural relativism” implies that one’s behavior can only be evaluated in relation to the culture. Behavior in one culture cannot be judged by that which is considered normal in another culture. Behavioral scientists have thus attempted to create “cultural free” diagnostic instruments, but as of this date none has been totally effective.
In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy.
a.This trend seems to be true in any area of the world.
b.This is true for LPCs but not true for MSW therapists.
c.This is true for LPCs and MSWs but not clinical psychologists.
d.However, in other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.
d.However, in other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.
In E. Fuller Torrey’s thought-provoking book, The Mind Game: Witch Doctors and Psychiatrists, he explains that in Nigeria, helpers have accepted a female client as a wife in lieu of a fee! He also notes that in other cultures a therapist cannot accept a fee unless the treatment is successful.
In E. Fuller Torrey’s thought-provoking book, The Mind Game: Witch Doctors and Psychiatrists, he explains that in Nigeria, helpers have accepted a female client as a wife in lieu of a fee! He also notes that in other cultures a therapist cannot accept a fee unless the treatment is successful.
According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a man who buys a $20,000 platinum watch would most likely
a.feel intense guilt.
b.read test reports after the purchase to justify his behavior.
c.harbor severe hatred regarding his mother.
d.harbor severe hatred regarding his father.
b.read test reports after the purchase to justify his behavior.
Although all the choices are plausible, choice “b” best expresses the tendency to justify behavior to create a state of “consonance” (a fancy word for harmony) between attitudes and behavior. Hence, if a test report states that the watch is a good buy, the belief and the behavior are consistent. In case you haven’t picked it up yet, I’m betting you’ll see at least one question regarding cognitive dissonance on your exam.
Although all the choices are plausible, choice “b” best expresses the tendency to justify behavior to create a state of “consonance” (a fancy word for harmony) between attitudes and behavior. Hence, if a test report states that the watch is a good buy, the belief and the behavior are consistent. In case you haven’t picked it up yet, I’m betting you’ll see at least one question regarding cognitive dissonance on your exam.
A woman who is being robbed
a.would probably get the most assistance in a crowd with a large number of bystanders.
b.would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
c.would rarely have a bystander from a different race try to help her.
d.none of the above.
b.would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
Here is a principle which is often quoted: The number of people who will help a victim in distress decreases, and the time it will take to intervene increases, as the number of bystanders increases. Helping an individual in distress is generally called “altruism” in the literature. This same principle could conceivably apply in a psychological sense when you are working with groups and a client is the victim of scapegoating.
Here is a principle which is often quoted: The number of people who will help a victim in distress decreases, and the time it will take to intervene increases, as the number of bystanders increases. Helping an individual in distress is generally called “altruism” in the literature. This same principle could conceivably apply in a psychological sense when you are working with groups and a client is the victim of scapegoating.
A counselor reading this book says, “I couldn’t care less about passing the NCE or licensing exam.” This
a.is displacement.
b.is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.
c.is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension.
d.is projection.
c.is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension.
Choices “a” and “d” are ego defense mechanisms. This topic is covered in the Helping Relationships section of this book. Choice “b” is incorrect since reading this book to pass the exam and not caring about passing are “inconsistent.”
Choices “a” and “d” are ego defense mechanisms. This topic is covered in the Helping Relationships section of this book. Choice “b” is incorrect since reading this book to pass the exam and not caring about passing are “inconsistent.”
The statement, “Even though my car is old and doesn’t run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low,”
a.is displacement.
b.is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.
c.is projection.
d.would never reduce dissonance in an individual.
b.is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.
This also could be described as the “sweet lemon” variety of rationalization (see the Helping Relationships section of this book).
This also could be described as the “sweet lemon” variety of rationalization (see the Helping Relationships section of this book).
In the case of the individual who purchased the $20,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that
a.he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $20,000 platinum model.
b.he or she might sell the $20,000 watch immediately following the purchase.
c.he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models.
d.a and c.
d.a and c.
This is a tough question since the alternatives are a bit complex. Remember: cognitive dissonance theory predicts that the person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior. Is choice “a” consistent? Of course; yet choice “c” is also possible since the individual could ignore positive attributes of the competition (i.e., choice “a”) or maximize their negative features (i.e., choice “c”). Counselors should keep in mind that consistency is considered a desirable personality trait in most cultures.
This is a tough question since the alternatives are a bit complex. Remember: cognitive dissonance theory predicts that the person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior. Is choice “a” consistent? Of course; yet choice “c” is also possible since the individual could ignore positive attributes of the competition (i.e., choice “a”) or maximize their negative features (i.e., choice “c”). Counselors should keep in mind that consistency is considered a desirable personality trait in most cultures.
In the United States, middle-and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who
a.will give them “a good talking to.”
b.gives a specific and steady stream of advice.
c.helps them work it out on their own.
d.is highly authoritarian and autocratic.
c.helps them work it out on their own.
The theory here is that middle-and upper-class citizens are taught that independence is a virtue. The person would not want to be dependent on a therapist, parents, or others, as is implied in choices “a,” “b,” and “d.”
The theory here is that middle-and upper-class citizens are taught that independence is a virtue. The person would not want to be dependent on a therapist, parents, or others, as is implied in choices “a,” “b,” and “d.”
In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures,
a.passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner.
b.a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice.
c.assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate.
d.all of the above.
d.all of the above.
An active-directive model works best with persons who respond well to an authority figure.
An active-directive model works best with persons who respond well to an authority figure.
Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with
a.attraction.
b.cognition and attitude formation.
c.cognitions and emotion.
d.none of the above.
b.cognition and attitude formation.
The notion is that the discrepancies or inconsistencies that create tension are caused by cognitions and attitudes.
The notion is that the discrepancies or inconsistencies that create tension are caused by cognitions and attitudes.
Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce
a.less aggressive children.
b.more aggressive children.
c.passive-aggressive children.
d.passive-dependent children.
a.less aggressive children.
Children who are abused by their parents are more likely to be abusers when they have children of their own. Remember that counselors are legally required to report child abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, or exploitation.
Children who are abused by their parents are more likely to be abusers when they have children of their own. Remember that counselors are legally required to report child abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, or exploitation.
In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means
a.nothing—it is not a valid term.
b.most therapists will give up in 16 sessions or less if progress is not evident.
c.the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts.
d.the therapist assumes a passive therapeutic stance.
c.the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts.
Therapeutic surrender occurs when a client is able to trust the counselor and self-discloses. Contrary to choice “a,” the term is used frequently in intercultural counseling.
Therapeutic surrender occurs when a client is able to trust the counselor and self-discloses. Contrary to choice “a,” the term is used frequently in intercultural counseling.
The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender:
a.an analysis of cognitive dissonance.
b.rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure.
c.paradoxing the client.
d.analyzing flight-to-health variables.
b.rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure.
Choice “d” is an analytic concept which asserts that the client has improved too rapidly and the real difficulty (i.e., unconscious conflicts) has not been resolved. A similar term, flight from reality, is used when the client resorts to psychosis (i.e., losing touch with reality) to avoid dealing with current life difficulties.
Choice “d” is an analytic concept which asserts that the client has improved too rapidly and the real difficulty (i.e., unconscious conflicts) has not been resolved. A similar term, flight from reality, is used when the client resorts to psychosis (i.e., losing touch with reality) to avoid dealing with current life difficulties.
In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender,
a.it is easier to trust people from one’s own culture.
b.lower-class people often don’t trust others from a higher social class.
c.lower-class clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class.
d.all of the above.
d.all of the above.
Language barriers, on the part of the client or the counselor, intensify the difficulty of therapeutic surrender. One good technique is to steer clear of slang or fancy therapeutic jargon and try to speak in a clear, concise, and direct manner.
Language barriers, on the part of the client or the counselor, intensify the difficulty of therapeutic surrender. One good technique is to steer clear of slang or fancy therapeutic jargon and try to speak in a clear, concise, and direct manner.
A(n) ________ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a Caucasian counselor.
a.middle-class Caucasian female
b.upper-class African-American female
c.lower-class African-American male
d.upper-class Caucasian male
c.lower-class African-American male
Males in general have difficulty expressing feelings. African-American males are especially hesitant about revealing themselves to Caucasians.
Males in general have difficulty expressing feelings. African-American males are especially hesitant about revealing themselves to Caucasians.
According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor’s statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as
a.even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).
b.standardization.
c.similar to his or her own.
d.paraphrasing.
a.even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).
In any case, if a counselor is highly regarded and trustworthy, his or her statements will be better accepted than if the helper has poor credibility.
In any case, if a counselor is highly regarded and trustworthy, his or her statements will be better accepted than if the helper has poor credibility.
When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference
a.is interpreted as positive transference.
b.is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.
c.is interpreted as White privilege.
d.none of the above.
b.is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.
Okay, there are some terms you just have to know for this section of the exam and one of those terms (note choice “c”) is White privilege. The term has been used to focus on the special advantages, privileges, and opportunities that nonwhites don’t have. Since transference relates to incidents which occurred prior to treatment, such issues must be distinguished from the current helping relationship. This is sometimes difficult to accomplish.
Okay, there are some terms you just have to know for this section of the exam and one of those terms (note choice “c”) is White privilege. The term has been used to focus on the special advantages, privileges, and opportunities that nonwhites don’t have. Since transference relates to incidents which occurred prior to treatment, such issues must be distinguished from the current helping relationship. This is sometimes difficult to accomplish.
Counselors who have good listening skills
a.facilitate therapeutic surrender.
b.hinder therapeutic surrender.
c.often have a monolithic perspective.
d.are too nondirective to promote therapeutic surrender.
a.facilitate therapeutic surrender.
Let’s place choice “c” under our trusty microscopes for just a moment. A monolithic perspective indicates that the counselor perceives all the people in a given group (say African Americans or Hispanic/Latino/a Americans) as being identical—hey, not a good thing folks! Counselors are urged to adopt an individualistic, rather than a monolithic perspective. Good listening facilitates any type of helping.
Let’s place choice “c” under our trusty microscopes for just a moment. A monolithic perspective indicates that the counselor perceives all the people in a given group (say African Americans or Hispanic/Latino/a Americans) as being identical—hey, not a good thing folks! Counselors are urged to adopt an individualistic, rather than a monolithic perspective. Good listening facilitates any type of helping.
Counselors can more easily advise
a.clients from their own culture.
b.clients from a different culture.
c.clients of a different race.
d.clients utilizing ethnocentric statements.
a.clients from their own culture.
To persuade someone is easiest when he or she has similar views, ideas, and background to one’s own. It is entirely possible that a client of a different culture has been taught not to trust persons with the counselor’s cultural background.
To persuade someone is easiest when he or she has similar views, ideas, and background to one’s own. It is entirely possible that a client of a different culture has been taught not to trust persons with the counselor’s cultural background.
To empathize is easiest with
a.a client who is similar to you.
b.a client who is dissimilar to you.
c.lower-class Hispanic clients.
d.upper-class Asian-American male clients.
a.a client who is similar to you.
Clients who have counselors of the same ethnicity tend to stay in counseling longer. See the last answer if this one seemed a tad difficult—ditto!
Clients who have counselors of the same ethnicity tend to stay in counseling longer. See the last answer if this one seemed a tad difficult—ditto!
A client from another culture will
a.talk to the counselor the same as he or she would to a peer.
b.speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.
c.generally use slang on purpose to confuse the counselor.
d.generally play dumb to receive the counselor’s sympathy.
b.speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.
Often individuals are courteous and polite with those who are of the same cultural origin, but are suspicious and don’t trust outsiders.
Often individuals are courteous and polite with those who are of the same cultural origin, but are suspicious and don’t trust outsiders.
A monolingual U.S. counselor
a.speaks only English.
b.speaks English and Spanish.
c.works as a counseling interpreter.
d.fits the definition of bilingual.
a.speaks only English
Mono literally means “one” or “single.” Persons who are bilingual (i.e., speak two languages) can be employed as counselors or interpreters to facilitate efficacious intervention. In order to reduce the difficulty introduced by “semantic differential” and “connotative errors”—mentioned in the answer to the previous question—the bilingual individual would ideally be bicultural (i.e., have familiarity with the culture of the counselor and the client).
Mono literally means “one” or “single.” Persons who are bilingual (i.e., speak two languages) can be employed as counselors or interpreters to facilitate efficacious intervention. In order to reduce the difficulty introduced by “semantic differential” and “connotative errors”—mentioned in the answer to the previous question—the bilingual individual would ideally be bicultural (i.e., have familiarity with the culture of the counselor and the client).
_______ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling.
a.Frankls experience in a concentration camp.
b.Perl’s use of the German concept of Gestalt.
c.Freud’s visits to the United States.
d.The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.
d.The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.
Choice “a” mentions Viktor Frankl, the Father of Logotherapy, an existential form of treatment which stresses “healing through meaning.” Choice “b” mentions Fritz Perls, the Father of Gestalt Therapy, which attempts to ameliorate a mind/body split supposedly responsible for emotional distress. Gestalt is a German word which roughly means the “whole” form, figure, or configuration. The final alternative is correct. Desegregation created culturally different populations for school counselors.
Choice “a” mentions Viktor Frankl, the Father of Logotherapy, an existential form of treatment which stresses “healing through meaning.” Choice “b” mentions Fritz Perls, the Father of Gestalt Therapy, which attempts to ameliorate a mind/body split supposedly responsible for emotional distress. Gestalt is a German word which roughly means the “whole” form, figure, or configuration. The final alternative is correct. Desegregation created culturally different populations for school counselors.
Multicultural counseling promotes
a.eclecticism.
b.rigidity.
c.psychodynamic models.
d.neurolinguistic programming.
a.eclecticism.
Most experts would insist that choice “a” is best inasmuch as intercultural counselors need to be flexible. An “eclectic” position (i.e., selecting treatment intervention strategies from diverse counseling models) would generally come closest to meeting this requirement.
Most experts would insist that choice “a” is best inasmuch as intercultural counselors need to be flexible. An “eclectic” position (i.e., selecting treatment intervention strategies from diverse counseling models) would generally come closest to meeting this requirement.
The statement, “All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different,” is based on the
a.emic viewpoint.
b.alloplastic viewpoint.
c.etic viewpoint.
d.autoplastic viewpoint.
c.etic viewpoint.
If you chose an alternative other than “c,” then you need to reread answers to questions 169 and 170.
If you chose an alternative other than “c,” then you need to reread answers to questions 169 and 170.
A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native-American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians or Indian Americans on exams) are descendents of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native-American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes and that there are nearly 3 million Native Americans in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the
a.emic viewpoint.
b.alloplastic viewpoint.
c.etic viewpoint.
d.autoplastic viewpoint.
a.emic viewpoint.
The “emic” view holds that an approach which is culturally specific is generally the most effective. Exam hint: Native Americans are sometimes classified as American Indians or Alaskan Natives.
The “emic” view holds that an approach which is culturally specific is generally the most effective. Exam hint: Native Americans are sometimes classified as American Indians or Alaskan Natives.
An Asian counselor says to an African-American client, “If you’re unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system.” This is the ________ viewpoint for coping with the environment.
a.emic viewpoint
b.alloplastic viewpoint
c.etic viewpoint
d.autoplastic viewpoint
b.alloplastic viewpoint
This question is testing your knowledge of the autoplastic/alloplastic dilemma in intercultural helping. The “autoplastic” view asserts that change comes from within, while the “alloplastic” conceptualization is that the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment (as alluded to in this question). Memory devices, anyone?
This question is testing your knowledge of the autoplastic/alloplastic dilemma in intercultural helping. The “autoplastic” view asserts that change comes from within, while the “alloplastic” conceptualization is that the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment (as alluded to in this question). Memory devices, anyone?
African-American ghetto clients are generally
a.very open and honest with their feelings.
b.the most amenable group in regard to psychotherapeutic intervention.
c.a and b.
d.not very open with their feelings.
d.not very open with their feelings.
They are often taught not to trust the establishment. A lack of trust usually results in a lack of openness and self-disclosure.
They are often taught not to trust the establishment. A lack of trust usually results in a lack of openness and self-disclosure.
Positive transference is to love as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to
a.anger.
b.hate.
c.uncertainty.
d.admiration.
c.uncertainty.
Ambivalent transference, a term popular in multicultural counseling settings, occurs when the client rapidly shifts his or her emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning and experiences related to authority figures from the past. The “Helping Relationship” section of this book goes into more depth regarding the notion of transference.
Ambivalent transference, a term popular in multicultural counseling settings, occurs when the client rapidly shifts his or her emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning and experiences related to authority figures from the past. The “Helping Relationship” section of this book goes into more depth regarding the notion of transference.
A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply
a.too Rogerian.
b.attacking the system.
c.too Freudian.
d.too cognitive.
b.attacking the system.
The salient point here is that generally a synthesis, rather than a pure alloplastic or autoplastic position, will be the most effective.
The salient point here is that generally a synthesis, rather than a pure alloplastic or autoplastic position, will be the most effective.
Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor’s training
a.must come from an APA-approved graduate program.
b.must come from a CACREP-approved graduate program.
c.should be broad and interdisciplinary.
d.need not include REBT.
c.should be broad and interdisciplinary.
Choice “d,” REBT or rational-emotive behavior therapy, certainly can be helpful when counseling clients from another culture because it does not stress mental illness. The perception of the REBT practitioner as a “teacher” makes the process of helping more palatable to some populations. Choice “c” is the best answer. An adept multicultural helper ideally would study topics which go beyond traditional counseling theory. Some educators have even suggested that an exchange program in which counselors study in foreign universities could be beneficial.
Choice “d,” REBT or rational-emotive behavior therapy, certainly can be helpful when counseling clients from another culture because it does not stress mental illness. The perception of the REBT practitioner as a “teacher” makes the process of helping more palatable to some populations. Choice “c” is the best answer. An adept multicultural helper ideally would study topics which go beyond traditional counseling theory. Some educators have even suggested that an exchange program in which counselors study in foreign universities could be beneficial.
F. H. Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will
a.perform better if he or she is alone.
b.perform better if he or she is part of a group.
c.perform better if he or she has undergone psychotherapy.
d.perform better if he or she is an auditory learner.
b.perform better if he or she is part of a group.
This is indeed an interesting phenomenon. The presence of other persons (e.g., coworkers, other athletes, fellow students,) improves an individual’s performance even when there is no verbal interaction!
This is indeed an interesting phenomenon. The presence of other persons (e.g., coworkers, other athletes, fellow students,) improves an individual’s performance even when there is no verbal interaction!
In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that
a.sleep learning facilitates social skills.
b.after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.
c.after a period of time, one remembers the communicator but forgets the message.
d.REM sleep facilitates insight.
b.after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.
Perhaps more importantly, the so-called sleeper effect asserts that when you are attempting to change someone’s opinion the change may not occur immediately after the verbal exchange. In other words, when a counselor provides guidance to a client a delay may occur before the client accepts the message. The communication may have more impact after some time has passed.
Perhaps more importantly, the so-called sleeper effect asserts that when you are attempting to change someone’s opinion the change may not occur immediately after the verbal exchange. In other words, when a counselor provides guidance to a client a delay may occur before the client accepts the message. The communication may have more impact after some time has passed.
Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as
a.a peer.
b.an equal.
c.an individual from another culture.
d.an authority figure.
d.an authority figure.
Prior to the experiment, psychiatrists predicted that only 1% would administer the highest level of shock. In reality, 62% dished out “fatal shock punishment” in response to an incorrect answer. If the experimental authority figure was in the room, the tendency to obey was higher than if he or she was not physically present. In a related study by Bickman, individuals told to give a dime or a paper bag to a stranger did so twice as often when the person giving the orders was dressed as a guard rather than a peer.
Prior to the experiment, psychiatrists predicted that only 1% would administer the highest level of shock. In reality, 62% dished out “fatal shock punishment” in response to an incorrect answer. If the experimental authority figure was in the room, the tendency to obey was higher than if he or she was not physically present. In a related study by Bickman, individuals told to give a dime or a paper bag to a stranger did so twice as often when the person giving the orders was dressed as a guard rather than a peer.
A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an
a.approach-avoidance conflict.
b.approach-approach conflict.
c.avoidance-avoidance conflict.
d.avoidance vector.
b.approach-approach conflict.
Choices “a,” “b,” and “c” indicate the three basic categories of conflict which result in frustration. In the approach-approach format (suggested in this question) the individual is presented with two equally attractive options simultaneously. Of the three types, counselors believe that approach-approach is the easiest to help clients cope with since in most cases (unlike the situation presented in this question) the client can attempt both options: first one, then the other. Moreover, approach–approach conflicts typically instill less anxiety than the other two types.
Choices “a,” “b,” and “c” indicate the three basic categories of conflict which result in frustration. In the approach-approach format (suggested in this question) the individual is presented with two equally attractive options simultaneously. Of the three types, counselors believe that approach-approach is the easiest to help clients cope with since in most cases (unlike the situation presented in this question) the client can attempt both options: first one, then the other. Moreover, approach–approach conflicts typically instill less anxiety than the other two types.
When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an
a.approach-approach conflict.
b.approach vector.
c.avoidance-avoidance conflict.
d.avoidance cohesiveness.
c.avoidance-avoidance conflict.
When a client says, “I don’t know whether to pay the hefty fine or go to jail,” he is struggling with an avoidance–avoidance conflict in which both choices are undesirable, to say the least. Clients in this position often daydream, flee from the situation, or regress instead of confronting the choices. The client also may waver or vacillate when he or she comes close to making a choice.
When a client says, “I don’t know whether to pay the hefty fine or go to jail,” he is struggling with an avoidance–avoidance conflict in which both choices are undesirable, to say the least. Clients in this position often daydream, flee from the situation, or regress instead of confronting the choices. The client also may waver or vacillate when he or she comes close to making a choice.
A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent. This creates an
a.approach-avoidance conflict.
b.avoidance-avoidance conflict.
c.avoidance of life space.
d.approach affiliation.
a.approach-avoidance conflict.
The approach–avoidance conflict presents a positive factor (a terrific-looking woman) with a negative factor (she is a substance abuser prone to violent behavior) at the same time. Most counselors would agree this is the toughest type of conflict for the client to tackle as it generates the highest level of frustration.
The approach–avoidance conflict presents a positive factor (a terrific-looking woman) with a negative factor (she is a substance abuser prone to violent behavior) at the same time. Most counselors would agree this is the toughest type of conflict for the client to tackle as it generates the highest level of frustration.
According to Charles Osgood and Percey Tannenbaum’s congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if
a.the client likes the counselor.
b.the client dislikes the counselor.
c.the client distrusts the counselor.
d.the counselor is in a higher economic bracket.
a.the client likes the counselor.
Here again, the tendency is based on “balance theory.” If you like your counselor, your tendency to accept a suggestion would be balanced (i.e., consistent with your opinion). If you did not like or trust the counselor, then accepting his or her suggestions would produce an imbalance (i.e., an inconsistent attitude).
Here again, the tendency is based on “balance theory.” If you like your counselor, your tendency to accept a suggestion would be balanced (i.e., consistent with your opinion). If you did not like or trust the counselor, then accepting his or her suggestions would produce an imbalance (i.e., an inconsistent attitude).
A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at the boys’ summer camp near Robbers Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that
a.most people cooperate in a social setting.
b.competition plays a small role in most of our lives.
c.a and b.
d.a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.
d.a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.
Sometimes loosely called the “Robbers’ Cave experiment,” this study set up two distinct groups of 11-year-old boys who were hostile toward each other. The study concluded that the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups was to give them an alternative goal which required a joint effort and could not be accomplished by a single group.
Sometimes loosely called the “Robbers’ Cave experiment,” this study set up two distinct groups of 11-year-old boys who were hostile toward each other. The study concluded that the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups was to give them an alternative goal which required a joint effort and could not be accomplished by a single group.
The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a
a.52-year-old single African-American male school administrator.
b.49-year-old Caucasian homeless male.
c.40-year-old divorced Caucasian female who is out of work and has three children.
d.19-year-old Hispanic mother on welfare with two children.
a.52-year-old single African-American male school administrator
The key to this question is to focus on social class rather than acculturation (i.e., integrating one’s own cultural beliefs and behaviors with the dominant culture), minority status, or sex. Clients in higher social classes have more time to “look within themselves” (introspect) since they need not dwell as much on external survival needs.
The key to this question is to focus on social class rather than acculturation (i.e., integrating one’s own cultural beliefs and behaviors with the dominant culture), minority status, or sex. Clients in higher social classes have more time to “look within themselves” (introspect) since they need not dwell as much on external survival needs.
________ and ________ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.
a.Maslow; Rogers
b.Ellis; Harper
c.Freud; Lorenz
d.Glasser; Rogers
c.Freud; Lorenz
Freud believed that man was basically driven by the instincts of sex and aggression. Lorenz—partially basing his theory on the fact that certain tropical fish will attack an alternate target even when the actual target of aggression is removed—is another believer in the so-called “innate aggression theory.” I find this logic a tad fishy when applied to the genus Homo sapiens. P.S. McDougall, mentioned in the previous question, could also join the ranks of Freud and Lorenz as an “instinct theorist.”
Freud believed that man was basically driven by the instincts of sex and aggression. Lorenz—partially basing his theory on the fact that certain tropical fish will attack an alternate target even when the actual target of aggression is removed—is another believer in the so-called “innate aggression theory.” I find this logic a tad fishy when applied to the genus Homo sapiens. P.S. McDougall, mentioned in the previous question, could also join the ranks of Freud and Lorenz as an “instinct theorist.”
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