The Restoration and the Neo-Classical period

24 important questions on The Restoration and the Neo-Classical period

When was the Restoration and the neo-classical period?

from 1660 -1740

By which other names was this period known?

The Neo-Classical period, the Augustan Age, the Age of Reason.

What sort of age was the 18th century?

the age of Classicism. The influence of ancient Greece and Rome was even stronger than during the Renaissance. The classics represented the highest ideals in life, art and literature and to follow them was the best advice to be given to any writer.
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What does the name Augustan age refer to?

to the Roman emperor Augustus during whose rein the Roman Empire prospered immensely. Englishmen in the 18th century found themselves in a similar position: arts and sciences flourished and growing trade brought wealth into the country. Western society, they believed, was at a higher level than ever before.

Where did the name Age of Reason come from?

it stood for intellectual, common sense and wisdom, 'a calm and balanced judgement not hindered by personal emotions'. Every man had some degree of reason in him an if only it was used and developed in the right way, the powers of the human mind were nearly infinite.

How was the life of the common man different from that of the intellectual man and of the artists and writers in coffee houses?

For the common man the working conditons were harsh and life was a struggle for survival. For the middle lasses the world was governed by trade, money and strict religious views governed by puritanism. They regarded the classical tradition as sinful and wicked.

What happened by the time their labourers had earned them enough money?

they wanted a literature of their own, books about people they could recognise, preferable with a moral at the end. It is then that one of the first English novels was 'born'(Robin Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe).

What were the most popular genres of that time and what gave the rise to it?

Satire both in prose as in Poetry. Caused by the contrast between this Utopian view of the Age of Reason and the harsh reality outside.

What was the Zeitgeist of the time?


•Western society at highest level ever, peopleself-confident -->intellectual, commonsense and wisdom.

•! only was truefor the higher classes! Life was hard for the poor and hardworking.

•Charles II encouragedculturalpasttimes, theatresrestored and lots of drama and poetry.


•Two most important influencesondevelopment of the languageend of Renaissance


–1) works of William Shakespeare (in the sense of idiom, expressions and languageitself) and
–2) the King James Bible of 1611

What was the English language and poetry like during the reformation?


•Thisgrowthconcernedpeople; there was nostandard, peopledidwhattheyliked, noconsistancy
•USAGE RULED
–Peoplewriting as theyspoke(sartinlyforcertainly)
–PeopleincorporatingClasscial touches (addings in island).

•Therecame a cryfor a standardizedlanguage; dictionaries, grammarguides, pronunciationmanuals?

--> writersconcernedwiththis: John Dryden, Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift

What is the heroic couplet?


•A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry.
•It is commenly used for epic and narrative poetry.
It's a couple of lines that are rhymed.
-they are in iambic pentameter (that's five pairs of unstressed and stressed syllables.

It sounds like ba-DUM ba-DUM ba-DUM ba-DUM ba-DUM).

What are common features of satire?

--> strong irony or sarcasm, yet parody, exaggeration, compariston and juxtaposition are alsofrequentlyused.

What were the two types of satire?


•Horatian and Juvenalian

What is horatian satire?


•Roman satirist Horace, playfully criticizes social vice through gentle, mild, and light-hearted humour. Directed at folly not evil.
–Examples: Daniel Defoe’s the True-Born Englishman, Alexander Pope’s the Rape of the Lock, the Simpsons

What is Juvenalian satire?


•Roman satirist Juvenal, more hars than Horation. Addresses social evil through scorn, outrage, savage ridicule. Often pessimistic, ironic, less emphasis on humour.
–Examples: Jonathan Swift’s a Modes Proposal, Samuel Johnson’s London, George Orwell’s Animal Farm, 1984, Joseph Heller’s Catch-22, Bret Easton Ellis’s American Psycho.

How did prose become an important form of literature?

? Bysocalledperiodical magazines: ‘periodicals

What is the advantage of prose\/

appearedoften, sogreataudience

What was Mac Flacknoe?


•John Dryden's literary takedown of Thomas Shadwell*, is an imaginative and hilarious satire
•The poem carved out its own genre: themock-epic, or mock-heroic.
•Dryden completely skewers Shadwell, exposing him for what he was: a bad writer with bad taste, who would do anything for the cheap laugh.

Who patented the mock-epic style of writing?


•Written in Dryden's patented mock-epic style, the poem takes after its heroic, grandiose big brothers: classical, epic. Such as Paradise Lost and the Illiad.
He basically invented satire as we know it now


•Was Swift serious about boiling babies?


•By the time Swift published A Modest Proposal, he'd already had his work misinterpreted by the Queen of England and countless other humourless readers who didn't understand irony. Swift was pretty unpopular

What is the tone of a modest proposal?


•The tone is mock serious. The absurdity of the proposals makes clear that it is satire: Juvenalian satire.

What happened before the restoration of drama?


•Beforeclosing of the theatresbyPuritans: (pre-1660)
–‘public theatres’ wereopen-airaffairs.
–only men acted
–crowdsincluded spectators fromboth the well to do and the poorer classes.

What happened during the reign of King Charles II


•During the reign of King Charles II, the theatreswerereopenedagain:
–the development of the ‘private theatre’ which was fullyroofedwith more facilitiestook a flight.
–womencould act nowtoo
–however, because of the profesionalisation of the theatreitbecame a thingsolelyfor the middle and upper classes.

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