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Introductory concepts

48 important questions on Introductory concepts

When the Diaphragm contracts what happens to its shape and position?

it flattens and moves down

How is air drawn into the lungs?

An increase in space within the chest cavity occurs when the Diaphragm flattens and the intercostal muscles expand the rib cage.
an increase un space means the air pressure is lower inside than outside, causing a rush of air into the lungs.

What do Stretch receptors within the Bronchi and Bronchioles do?

Prevent excess inspiration

If Carbon dioxide levels get too high, what happens to increase the rate of ventilation and remove the access Carbon Dioxide?

carbonic acid is released which causes an increase in Hydrogen ions. This rise stimulates increased ventilation.

What are respiratory volumes?

respiratory volumes is the amount of air inhaled/exhaled within the lungs at any given time.

Cardiac Volumes: The amount of blood in the left ventricle before the contraction phase of a heart beat is called what?

end diastolic volume

Describe Cardiac Output

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in the space of a minute

At rest what is the average stroke volume?

70-100ml

Circulatory system: What are all the constituents which make up the circulatory system?

Heart
Blood
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

List the three circulatory processes within the body

Systemic
Pulmonary
Coronary

Name the largest blood vessel in the body

Aorta

In which two parts of the cycle are the ventricles in systole?

RT interval
ST segment

What are the 4 parts to reaction time?

The stimulus has to activate the particular sensory system
The stimulus has to travel from the sensory system to the brain
The brain has to process the stimulus
The relevant information is then sent to the relevant muscle/groups

What strategies/factors affect reaction time?

Age
Gender
Limbs used
Personality
Body temp
Sensory system receiving the stimulus

How do you improve reaction time?

Practice
Mental Rehearsal
Experience
Cue detection
Improve physical fitness
Concentration/Selective attention

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker?

because the left side of the heart has to pump blood around the body which requires a more forceful contraction

The period where the heart is at rest is called what?

Diastole

What happens during the P wave?

the SA node fires causing the atria to contract and forcing the blood into the ventricles

What is the job of the AV node?

To spread the impulse the walls of the ventricles

Describe the end systolic volume

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricles after contraction

How does the circulatory system work?

Systemic circulation carries blood around the body
Pulmonary circulation carries blood to the lungs
Coronary circulation provides the heart with its own supply of blood.

What are the problems for drugs in sport?

It could affect your health conditions
It is illegal and can be sentenced if taken and lied about.

How could you stop drugs in sport?

educate more about the consequences that it has on you
do an olympic games with and without drugs

What are isotonic contractions?

The contractions are dynamic contractions as the muscles shorten or lengthen during action

What are isometric contractions?

The contractions are static contractions as the muscles do not change in length during action

What are the three Thorndyke's Laws?

Law of Effect: Positive Reinforcement increases the chance of the same response to occur
Law of Exercise: The more often the response is reinforced the stronger the learning bond
Law of Readiness: The performer must have reached an appropriate mental and physical maturation

What are the main ideas of operant conditioning?

Shaping behaviour through trial and error
Reinforcing the response
Structuring a situation

What are the main ideas of the Operant learning theory?

Skill is presented as a whole problem
Relies on the performers motivation, intelligence and maturity.

What are the main ideas of the Observational learning theory?

Attention= brief and meaningful
Retention= need to form a mental picture of what the have observed
Motor Reproduction= must be capable of copying the skill
Motivation= must be motivated to learn

What is Shema Theory?

A store of information and experience. it is based on the idea that plans are not stored separate items like loop theories suggest

What is a executive programme?

Enables a skill to be performed
Can be made up of a longer number of subroutines
Must be adaptable so that it can be altered when the environment or surrounding changes.

What is the Open loop control?

This applies to executive programmes the subroutines are simple and well learned

They are automatic and no thought is necessary

What is the Closed loop control?

This applies to ongoing movements
only part of the info necessary to complete a movement is sent to the effector organs
The remaining info is sent following feedback via kinaesthesis

How do we increase positive transfer?

Emphasise on all the similar skills
Participate in similar sports
Repetition
Reinforcement

How do we reduce Negative transfer?

Emphasise on what is different
Avoid sports that are with non similar techniques
Punish

What is information processing?

An approach witch sees the development of human motor learning it is a process rather than a specific stimulus and response relationship

What is the ccc stimulated by?

Proprio receptors=Movement
Chemoreceptors=Chemical Changes
Baroreceptors=Pressure

What is Hormonal control?

Adrenaline is secreted from the Adrenal glands into the bloodstream and stimulates the SA node causing an increase in heart rate

What is Intrinsic control?

When any muscles get warmer the conduction of the nerve impulse seems to speed up. during exercise the amount of blood returning to the heart (venous return) increases, stretching the cardiac muscle more than usual. This stimulates the heart rate

What are the other factors that affect heart rate?

Age
Gender
Fitness

What is the diastole in the cardiac cycle?

lasts 0.5 seconds
represents the relation phase
Filling of the atria
Av valves close
High blood pressure causes passive blood flow

Describe the cardiac cycle

The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occurs when the heart beats. There are two phases of the cardiac cycle. In the diastole phase, the heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood. In the systole phase, the ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries.

What are the differences between a skill and a ablility?

Skill is something that can be learned
an ability is something that is genetically determined by your parents

What is the Cognitive Stage?

Initial Phase
Learner is thinking about the skill to perform a mental picture of the motor programme/plan and linking sub routines
Can occur directly after the demonstration

What is the Associative Stage?

Practice phase
You can remain in this stage for a number of years
Begins to see errors
Demonstration, Mental Rehearsal and Positive Reinforcement are important in this stage

What is the Autonomous stage?

Expert Phase
Doesn't go much thought into the skill they will do this skill automatically

What is the function of the respiratory system?

The function of the human respiratory system is to transport air into the lungs and to facilitate the diffusion of Oxygen into the blood stream.

What is external respiration?

The action of breathing in and out which is due to the changes in pressure of the thorax, in comparison with the outside.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

Essentials of research methods in health, physical education, exercise science, and recreation | 9780781770361 | Kris E Berg, et al

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