Summary: Ethics

Read the summary and the most important questions on Ethics

• Lecture 1

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• Which fundamental ethical questions arise when organizations are environments?

  which of their actions and decisions are ethically justifiable? 

• Which fundamental ethical questions arise when organisations are environments(structured groups of agents)?

  how does the organisational structure affect behaviour of the individual agents within the organisation and outside the organisation from an ethical perspective?

• Business science focuses on markets, but on which two perspectives?

  1. Markets as environments in which organisations operate
  2. Markets as coordination systems alternative to organisations.

• Which fundamental questions elicit both perspectives?

  · When markets are environments in which organisations operate, how do organisations balance their need to be competitive with their ethical standing? And how should markets be regulated in a way that makes it possible for organisations to find a balance? 
  · If markets are alternative to organisations, then in which ways this difference affects the forms of evaluations(including ethical evaluations) practiced within and outside organisations?  

• Business Science focuses on markets in society. On which two impacts and which questions arise?

  1. The impact of markets on society , To which extent current societal values are affected(or should be affected) by “what is good for the markets”? 
  2. The impact of society on markets, To which extent should regulations on markets reflect societal values?

• What is ethical decision making? And which 3 things entails?

  The process of evaluating and choosing among alternatives in a way that is consistent with ethical principles. This entails: 
  · Recognizing alternatives 
  · Recognizing stakeholders 
  · Recognizing consequences 

• Why are decision making processes typically multi-dimensional?

  Decisions involve clashes of legitimate rights or values or different principles and notions of what is good! Core to ethical decision making is the ability to balance clashing values. No clash of values means no ethical problem.  

• Is there an unquestionable basis on which we can ground our ethical principles? Give 4 different answers

  · Aristotle: Do what brings you closer to virtue 
  · Kant: do what respects human fundamental dignity and self-determination. 
  · Utilitarianism: do what provides the most good and the least harm 
  · Rawls: do what is necessary to “share one another’s fate”.  

• Lecture 2

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• Why is Ethics not a theoretical discipline?

  We are asking not because we want to satisfy our curiosity, but because by knowing we will be more capable to reach it. Gives answers to questions like: how should men best live, what is the highest good and these questions are always linked with politics.  

• What could eudaemonia consist of?

  · Pleasure? Wealth? Honour? Having virtue? 
  · Aristotle continues: “for the former think it is some plain (=duidelijk) and obvious thing like pleasure, wealth or honour.”