Normative Ethics

21 important questions on Normative Ethics

What is the difference between ethics and morality?

Ethics: the consideration of what is moral. Decisions based upon individual character, and the more subjective understanding of right and wrong by individuals. A more individual assessment of values as relatively good or bad.
Morality: emphasis the widely-shared communal or societal norms about right and wrong. More intersubjective community assessment of what is good, right or just for all.

What is Prescriptive or Normative ethics?

The branch of ethics that judges morality and tries to formulate normative recommendations about how to act or live.

What is Descriptive judgement?

A judgement that describes what is actually the case (present), what was the case (past), or what will be the case (future).
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What is Normative judgement?

Judgement about whether something is good or bad, desirable or undesirable, right or wrong.

What are the point of departure for the Primary Normative theories?

  • Norms
  • Values
  • Virtues

What is a normative judgment?

A value judgement. Indicates whether something is good or bad, desirable or undesirable, right or wrong. Can give rise to meaningful discussions, because it is not just a matter of taste.

What are moral values? Give some examples

Lasting convictions or matters that people feel should be strived for in general and not just for themselves to be able to lead a good life or to realize a just society. Not limited to people, companies have them too.

  1. health
  2. justice
  3. happiness
  4. charity

Which distinction can be made for Values?

  • Intrinsic value
  • Instrumental value

What is an intrinsic value?

Value in and of itself.

Describe normative judgments, and distinguish them from descriptive judgments

Normative judgment. Value judgement: judgment about an opinion, decision or action. Says something about what correct behaviour or a right way of living is. Judgment about whether something is good or bad, desirable or undesirable, right or wrong.

Descriptive judgment.  Describes what is actually the case (the present), what was the case (the past), or what will be the case (the future).  Descriptive judgments are true or false.

Describe norms, values and virtues

Values: lasting convictions or matters that people feel should be strived for in general and not just for themselves to be able to lead a good life or to realize a just society.
     Intrinsic value: objective in and of itself
     Instrumental value: means to realize and intrinsic value

Has privacy instrumental or intrinsic value?

Instrumental: offers protection against harm (publicly known person has HIV: employer reluctant to hire him, insurance company reluctant to insure him).

Intrinsic: we regard privacy as an essential aspect of autonomy. Autonomy is fundamental to what it means to be human - privacy is a necessary condition for an intrinsic value: autonomy

What are two extreme theories  for moral judgement?

  • Normative relativism
  • Absolutism

What is Normative relativism?

An ethical theory that argues that all moral points of view - all values, norms, and virtues - are equally valid.

What are the three primary ethical theories?

  • Consequentialism
  • Deontology
  • Virtue ethics

What is Act Utilitarianism?

The traditional approach to utilitarianism in which the rightness of actions is judged by the consequences of those actions indivdually.

What is Rule Utilitarianism?

Judges actions by judging the consequences of the rules on which these actions are based. 

What is Care Ethics?

An ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of relationships, and which holds that the development of morals does not come about by learning general moral principles. 

Moral balance sheet

A balance sheet in which the costs en benefits (pleasures and pains) for each possible action are weighed against each other. Bentham proposed the drawing up of such balance sheets to determine the utility of actions. Cost-benefit analysis is a more modern variety of such balance sheets

Mill's freedom principle

The moral principle that everyone is free to strive for his/her own pleasure, as long as they do not deny or hinder the pleasure of others.

Social ethics of engineering

An approach to the ethics of engineering that focuses on the social arrangements in engineering rather than on individual decisions. If these social arrangements meet certain procedural norms the resulting decisions are considered acceptable.

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