Summary: European Public Management 1

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• The transformation of Europe after World War II. The historical evolution of the European Union.

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• Schuman made it clear in his Declaration that whilst he hoped other countries would also participate, France and West Germany would proceed with the plan in any event Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands took up the invitation and in April 1951 to sign the Treaty of Paris. What did they agree upon in the Treaty of Paris:

  • The establishment of the ECSC, European Coal and Steel Community, for a period of 50 years from the entry into force of the ECSC Treaty. 
    

• In April 1956 the Foreign Ministers accepted the report of the Spaak Committee and used it as the basis for negotiations that in 1957 produced the two Treaties of Rome. What did the treaties of Rome (1957) entail?:

  Establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). 
  
  

  • Both before and after April 1956 the negotiations between the six governments were extensive and intense. At the end of the negotiations, it can be said that, in broad terms, provisions were made in the treaties for those areas upon which the governments were able to reach an agreement, but where there were divisions matters were largely left aside for further negotiations and were either omitted from the treaties altogether or were referred to only in a general way.   

• To make war between France and Germany: "No merely unthinkable but materially impossible". Who were the founding fathers of the European project?   

  Jean Monnet & Robert Schuman.

• The first step in the realization of a vision of a united Europe was based on the Franco-German reconciliation and mutual gains. How did the ECSC construct the new European space for mutual gains?

  • By the integration of a part of the national economies by integrating the sectors that are most strategic to them: Coal and Steel by giving away sovereignty to a supranational authority to help build a new European space - for mutual gains. 
    

• The ECSC has three main institutions: The High Authority -> European Commission. The Common Assembly -> European Parliament. The Court of Justice. But what does that European Coal and Steel Community (1951) in practical terms mean? (Describe in three points):

  • A common market for coal and steel production. 
    
    
  • Eliminating import and export duties. 
    
    
  • State subsidies and support. 

• Both before and after April 1956 the negotiations between the six governments were extensive and intense. At the end of the negotiations it can be said that, in broad terms, provisions were made in the treaties for those areas upon which the governments were able to reach agreement, but where there were division matters were largely left aside for further negotiations and were either omitted from the treaties altogether or were referred to only in a general way. What did the treaty of Rome (1957) establish/create?   

  • European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom): Creating a common market for nuclear energy. 
    
    
  • European Economic Community (EEC). 
    

  
  
  

  1. Free trade area: Removing all tariffs and import quota. 
  2. Customs union: A common external tariff. 
  3. Prohibiting practices that distort or prevent competition. 
  4. The intention to develop, in the long term, a common market: free movement of goods, capital, services and persons. 

• EEC 1957, what institution replaced the High Authority of the ECSC?

  The Commission.

• Understanding Europe in 1945. What was the collective need of Europeans?

  • Collective security and international solutions and international organizations. 

• Bilateralism (normal before 1945). Describe the definition:

  • The conduct of political, economic, or cultural relations between two sovereign states. 
    

• Multilateralism (hallmark of the LoN and the UN). Describe a definition:

  • Act actively by multiple states for common benefit. 
    
    - Advantages. > Collective security and prosperity. 
    - Disadvantages. > Slow and tiresome process.