Nature and effect of EU law

4 important questions on Nature and effect of EU law

The EU is an international organization sui generis:

Enige in zijn soort. The EU doesn’t fit in either the traditional way public international law obligations are enforced within states, or in the way obligations are enforced in a federal structure.

Requirements for direct effect


1. Unconditional
2. Sufficiently clear
3. Not dependent on any subsequent further implementation by the member states.

Preliminary reference procedure:


courts of the member states may refer questions to the court of justice on the interpretation and on the validity of EU law (267 TFEU).
  • Higher grades + faster learning
  • Never study anything twice
  • 100% sure, 100% understanding
Discover Study Smart

Regulations vertical/horizontal effect?

Both, 288 TFEU

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

  • A unique study and practice tool
  • Never study anything twice again
  • Get the grades you hope for
  • 100% sure, 100% understanding
Remember faster, study better. Scientifically proven.
Trustpilot Logo