Summary: Evolutiebiologie Aantekeningen
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1 Leren
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Give the three preconditions for natural selection. L
-variation :individuals within species differ from one another
-heritability : some of thesevariations areheritable (due togenetics )
-differential reproductive success: moreoffspring areproduced than can survive.Survival andreproduction arenonrandom
theindividuals that survive &reproduce the most are those withvartiations that best suit theirenvironment -
What is the breeders equation? L
Selection x heritability =evolutionary response R =h^2 x S
je hoeft nooit de wortel van h^2 te nemen om h te krijgen -
1.1 Cursus 1
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What is evolution? L
- Descent with modification
- Changes in the properties of populations that transcend the lifetime of a single individual
- Changes in allele frequencies over time -
Darwin’s 4 theories of evolution: L
- Evolution has occurred: species are not unchanging entities, but evolve over time.
- The primary cause of evolutionary change is natural selection.
- Splitting of single species into two or more species has occurred: all species share common ancestors.
- Evolutionary change is gradual. -
What are the Principles of homology and common descent? L
- Evolution can be viewed as a series of bifurcations in a phylogenetic tree – all life can be traced back to a common ancestor.
- Groups of species that share a common ancestor derive attributes from that ancestor through common descent.
- Once related lineages are reproductively isolated, evolution can lead to modifications of the basic plan.
- Nevertheless, future evolutionary paths are constrained by past history. -
1.2 Cursus 2
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Why is heritability important? L
- Reflects the proportion of variation in a trait that has a genetic basis.
- Necessary for a trait to “respond to selection” with a change in the average trait value in the population -
1.3 Cursus 3
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Four main methods are available to test an adaptive hypothesis: L
1) Observational studies.
2) Manipulative experiments.
3) Experimental evolution.
4) Comparative method. -
1.4 Cursus 4
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Does adaptation lead to perfection? L
No, organisms deal with physical constraints and tradeoffs -
What are Functional interference? L
Characteristics good for one function are bad for another -
What are Constraints? L
physical, structural, functional limitations. Factors that slow or prevent the evolution of an ideal trait.
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