Summary: Evolutiebiologie Aantekeningen

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  • 1 Leren

  • Give the three preconditions for natural selection. L


    -variation: individuals within species differ from one another
    -heritability: some of these variations are heritable (due to genetics)
    -differential reproductive success: more offspring are produced than can survive. Survival and reproduction are nonrandom

    the individuals that survive & reproduce the most are those with vartiations that best suit their environment
  • What is the breeders equation? L

    Selection x heritability = evolutionary response
    R = h^2 x S

    je hoeft nooit de wortel van h^2 te nemen om h te krijgen
  • 1.1 Cursus 1

    This is a preview. There are 11 more flashcards available for chapter 1.1
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  • What is evolution? L

    - Descent with modification
    - Changes in the properties of populations that transcend the lifetime of a single individual
    - Changes in allele frequencies over time
  • Darwin’s 4 theories of evolution: L

    - Evolution has occurred: species are not unchanging entities, but evolve over time.
    - The primary cause of evolutionary change is natural selection.
    - Splitting of single species into two or more species has occurred: all species share common ancestors.
    - Evolutionary change is gradual.
  • What are the Principles of homology and common descent? L

    - Evolution can be viewed as a series of bifurcations in a phylogenetic tree – all life can be traced back to a common ancestor.
    - Groups of species that share a common ancestor derive attributes from that ancestor through common descent.
    - Once related lineages are reproductively isolated, evolution can lead to modifications of the basic plan.
    - Nevertheless, future evolutionary paths are constrained by past history.
  • 1.2 Cursus 2

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  • Why is heritability important? L

    - Reflects the proportion of variation in a trait that has a genetic basis.
    - Necessary for a trait to “respond to selection” with a change in the average trait value in the population
  • 1.3 Cursus 3

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  • Four main methods are available to test an adaptive hypothesis: L

    1) Observational studies.
    2) Manipulative experiments.
    3) Experimental evolution.
    4) Comparative method.
  • 1.4 Cursus 4

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  • Does adaptation lead to perfection?  L

    No, organisms deal with physical constraints and tradeoffs
  • What are Functional interference? L

    Characteristics good for one function are bad for another
  • What are Constraints? L

    physical, structural, functional limitations. Factors that slow or prevent the evolution of an ideal trait.
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