Summary: Evolutionary Developmental Biology
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Read the summary and the most important questions on Evolutionary Developmental Biology
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1. Evolutionary conservation of hormones and enzymes
This is a preview. There are 4 more flashcards available for chapter 06/02/2019
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What is the difference between diabetes type I and type II?
Type I:- Hyposecretion of insulin
- Insulin dependent
- Juvenile onset
Type II:- Late onset (adult)
- Insensitive to insulin
- Managed by exercise and diet
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Peptide hormones are prohormones. What is meant with this?
It means that the hormones are large precursor hormones, they need to be processed before being bioactive. -
How become peptide hormones bioactive?
- Endo- and exoproteolysis (cleavage into smalles fragments)
- Modifications (α-amidation, acetylation, phosphorylation)
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What does dysregulation of insulin/glucagon cause?
Dysregulation of insulin/glucagon leads to obesity. Neuropsychiatric diseases are often comorbid with obesity / problems with glucose regulation. -
How are peptide hormones synthesized?
It is a regulated secretory pathway, this means that synthesis and release is on demand.- Proteins require a signal peptide
- Synthesis via ER, to Golgi and exocytosis via large-dense core vesicles via membrane fragments (endosomes)
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What is a constitutive secretory pathway?
A constitutive secretory pathway is continuous, the proteins do not have a signal peptide -
What happens during protein folding in insulin processing?
Insulin contains 2 chains; A and B chain connected via sulfide bridges. Insulin prohormone contains a signal peptide directing it to the regulated secretory pathway. Insulin prohormone contains (from N- to C-terminus) the B, A and C chain. Disulfide bridges (through C-residues) keep the chains together. -
What are the prohormone convertases (PCs) needed for insulin?
- PC2
- PC1/3
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Where does PC1/3 cleave proinsulin?
PC1/3 cleaves the B/C chain. -
What happens when genes for PCs are deleted?
Deletion of genes for PCs cause early diabetes and problems in the immune system.
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