Body axes & cell fate I
14 important questions on Body axes & cell fate I
What are techniques for anatomy/fate mapping?
- Microscopy
- Transplantation
- Marking with dyes
What are techniques for developmental genetics?
- Gene expression (Quantitative PCR, how much gene product? or In situ hybridization, where is a gene expressed?)
- Screening mutants (knock outs, over expressors)
- Protein interactions, ligand-receptor interactions (cell signalling)
Explain Spemann's transplantation experiment.
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How can cell fate/destination be determined using colors?
The colored structures can be mapped, this is called fate mapping.
What can you do to determine which genes are expressed?
- RNA extraction
- cDNA synthesis
- cDNA sequencing
What are the types of in situ hybridization (tissue versus whole embryo)?
Drosophila is an animal model that is often used for developmental biology. What are the benefits to using drosophila?
- Short generation time
- No license for animal testing required
- Genetic modification is possible
- It is a classic genetic model (function of many genes are known)
What are the steps (in chronological order) for the life cycle of drosophila?
- Cleavage
- Gastrulation
- Hatching
- Larva stage
- Pupa stage
- Metamorphosis
Explain the mitotic divisions in syncytial blastoderm.
- 30 minutes after fertilization: fusion of sperm and egg nuclei
- 70 minutes after fertilization: nuclear division creating syncytium
- 90 minutes after fertilization: nuclei migrate to periphery of cytoplasm
- 2 hours after fertilization: syncytial blastoderm formed
- 3 hours after fertilization: cellular blastoderm formed
Describe the steps of initiation of body axes in drosophila.
2: Gurken(EGF) signallingto posterior follicle cells
3: differentiation of posterior follicle cells
4: posterior follicle cells signal back to the egg
5: reorientation of microtubules
6 transport/anchoring of BicoidmRNA to anterior end
7: Bicoid and Nanosprotein accumulate at Anterior & Posterior end: diffusion towards the middle to form gradients
8: nucleus moved to dorsal side
9: Gurkensignaling = > blocks synthesis of “ventral signal”
10: Ventral follicle cells synthesize &secrete “ventral signal Toll”
How is the transcription factor Bicoid (Bcd) expressed?
What is a morphogen?
By what is maternal bicoid-nanos replaced in the embryo?
How is the dorsal-ventral axis initiated?
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