Summary: Exam 3

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• 1 Exam 3

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• density is controlled by what 2 aspects and which is more important

  1.temperature (varied but more important)
  2. salinity (as salinity rises, density rises.)

• 3 methods of measuring temperature at depth

  1. Reversing Thermometer on Nanson bottle
  2. Bathythermograph with a moving vessel
  3. C.T.D. (Conductivity, Temp, Depth) with a stationary vessel

• Explain a Reversing thermometer on a nanson bottle

  locks in temperature at depth by setting it upside down at depth for about 5 minutes, send messenger making the nanson bottle quickly turn over keeping the mercury in place in the thermometer.

• what controls ocean surface temperature

  latitude and solar heating (warmer the closer to the equator)

• 3 things that control ocean surface salinity

  1. precipitation (open ocean lower range of salinity)
  2. evaporation (open ocean) higher range of salinity is 33%-37%) 
  3. proximity to rivers (coastal)

• Typical density layering of Thermohaline circulation levels is what 3 layers:

  
  1. Pycnocline (cause)
  2. Thermocline (effect)
  3. Halocline

• what is the surface mixed layer

  waves mix the oceans surface, keeping the upper part of the ocean warm. located just above the thermocline.

• what are the causes of surface circulation

  global heat imbalances (unevenly) causes surface winds which causes ocean surface currents

• what is thermohaline circulations: orientation, affects at depth, and speed.

  o: vertical- downwelling
  d: all depths
  s: very slow (meters per day)

• what is wind-driven circulations: orientation, affects at depth, and speed

  0: horizontal (both down + upwelling)
  d: upper surface - 100 meters
  s: miles per hr / kilo per hr