Exam One
30 important questions on Exam One
Identify the basic elements of 4 public food and nutrition programs
2. SNAP
3. CACFP (Child and Adult Care Food Program)
4. Head Start Program
Apply the characteristics of healthful diets to the design one
*Enjoy your food but eat less
*Make half your grains whole grains
*Eat fewer foods that are high in saturated fat, trans fats, added sugar, and sodium
*Avoid oversized portions
*Switch to fat-free or low fat (1%) milk
*Drink water instead of sugary drinks
*Compare sodium in foods like soup, bread, and frozen meals, and choose the food with lower numbers
Identify the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome & the effect of PMS treatment strategies on fertility status of women with the syndrome
*Fatigue
*Bloating
*Cramps
*Headache
*Nausea
*Body aches
*Irritability
*Anxiety
*Anger
Treatment:
*Antidepressants
*Calcium, B6, chasteberry supplements
*Oral Contraceptive pills
*Remove ovaries
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Explain the primary mechanisms that underlie the effects of obesity and underweight on fertility in women and men
--insulin resistance is related to increased production of androgens, which increases the risk of anovulation, or sperm quality
*Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, this can lead to a breakdown of sperm membranes and damage sperm DNA. It is associated with type 2 diabetes, CVD
*polycystic ovary syndrome: result of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, many cysts, abnormal sacs with membranous lining
Identify two mechanisms by which a negative energy balance can influence fertility.
2. Female athlete triad: hypothalamic amenorrhea, eating disorder, and osteoporosis.
Identify two ways in which good blood glucose control during the periconceptional period can benefit fetal growth and development
*exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
2.Reduces congenital abnormalities in newborns
Cite 3 key components of the nutritional management of PCOS.
2. Dietary modifications, weight loss & exercise
3. Educate women on PCOS, long-term health concerns
Identify the major reasons why dietary control of PKU is particularly important during pregnancy
Describe 3 nutritional consequences of untreated celiac disease
2. increased rates of miscarriage
3. fetal growth restriction
4. low birth weight
5. short duration of lactation
Identify 3 problem areas related to pregnancy outcomes in the United States.
2. Low Birthweight
3. Preterm delivery
Describe 5 physiological changes that normally occur during pregnancy that would be considered abnormal if they did not occur during pregnancy.
2. Maternal nutrient stores
3. Placental weight
4. Uterine blood flow
5. Fetal Weight
Identify recommended weight gain ranges for women who enter pregnancy underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese.
normal weight: 18-24 lbs
overweight: 25-29 lbs
obese: 11-20 lbs
twins: 25-54 lbs
Identify 3 examples of relationships between nutritional status during pregnancy and long-term health outcomes in offspring.
2. Low caloric intake at the beginning of the pregnancy shows a greater effect on the fetal growth regardless of food intake later in the pregnancy
3. Offspring in the long term have an increase chance of developing high body weight & central body fat, high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol, and even schizophrenia
Identify 4 major lessons learned about food availability and pregnancy outcomes from studies of population groups undergoing famine.
2. Hypertension
3. Osteoporosis
4. Organ disfunction
Provide 5 examples of how the need for energy and specific nutrients change due to pregnancy and identify three factors that influence dietary intake during pregnancy that are not related to food availability.
2. Energy cost of maintain an expanding amount of metabolically active tissues
3. Fetal growth
4. Maternal and fetal tissue formation
5.
1. CHO- fetal brain's needs for glucose
2. Protein- protein tissue accretion
3. Fat- Energy source for fetal growth & development
Describe 2 reasons why pregnant women and their fetuses are particularly vulnerable to certain foodborne illnesses and effective dietary interventions for three common health problems during pregnancy.
2. A lower immune response
1. Listereria monocytogenes: do not eat raw or undercooked meat, unpasteurized cheese, raw or smoked fish
2. Toxoplasma gondii: raw and undercooked meats, surface of fruits & vegetables, and cat littler
3. Mercury contamination: predatory fish
Identify and describe the basic components of a nutritional assessment of pregnant women
Dietary assessment in pregnancy should cover dietary intake, dietary supplement use, and weight-gain process.
Nutrition assessment of pregnant women usually includes laboratory tests iron status, and other nutrients.
Identify 3 health benefits to women of regular exercise during pregnancy
2. Have an enhanced sense of well-being
3. Shorter labors
Reduce their risk of developing:
* Gestational diabetes
* pregnancy- induced hypertension
* lower back pain
* excessive weight gain
* Blood clots
Identify 3 common health problems during pregnancy and the evidence of the effectiveness of dietary interventions for their treatment or amelioration.
1. Hyperemesis Gravidarum: nausea & vomiting; foods that are high carbohydrate are well tolerated
2. Heartburn: small meals, do not go to bed with a full stomach,
3. Constipation: Consume 30 grams of fiber dialy
Describe the nutrition services components of a model nutrition program during pregnancy.
- low income, high risk pregnant females
1. assess the usual dietary intake & risk profile of each pregnant woman
2. determine individual nutritional rehabilitation needs
3. teach clients of the importance of optimal nutrition
* Supplemental Nutrition Program for WIC
- serves the needs of women and families of low income
Cite 3 specific examples of nutrition-related recommendations intended for women who enter pregnancy obese.
2. Participate in physical activity
3. Maintain appropriate rates of weight gain
Define the different types of hypertensive disorders that occur during pregnancy and discuss two components of nutrition care recommended for women with each type.
1. Reduce salt or sodium diet- but not excessive
2. Carefully monitor the diet, aim for a balanced diet
Gestational hypertension
1. Reduce salt of sodium- but not excessive
2. Carefully monitor the diet, aim for a balanced diet
Preeclampsia
1. Nutritional and physical activity
2. Balanced diet
Define the different, major types of disorders in carbohydrate metabolism that occur during pregnancy and identify the key components of the nutritional management of each type
*Successfully manage blood glucose levels w/ diet and exercise
*Monitor weight gain
Type 2 diabetes
*Routine testing for urinary ketones
*Medical and nutritional management
*followed closely after delivery
Type 1 diabetes
*Control blood glucose levels
*Control calorie and nutrient adequacy
*Achieve recommended weight gain
Describe 3 differences in nutrient needs and cite two specific considerations for delivery of effective nutritional care for women with multifetal pregnancy.
2. Overall weight gain (35-40 lbs)
3. The need for essential fatty acids, iron, and calcium
Identify the components of nutritional care for women with HIV during pregnancy.
*Avoid high doses of vitamin A, D and iron
Identify the consequences of excess alcohol intake during pregnancy and list four factors that affect the relationship between alcohol intake and the outcome of pregnancy.
*Fetal alcohol syndrome
*Alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder
*Alcohol related birth defects
1. Behavior and intellectual impairments
2. Growth restricted
3. Facial defects
4. Central nervous system impairments
Identify 3 ways in which energy and nutrient needs differ between adults and adolescents during pregnancy.
2. Adolescents have a higher requirement for calcium
3. Adolescents need a higher intake of Vitamin D
Define nutrients (essential and nonessential)
Nonessential:
Describe nutrient toxicity and deficiency developments & that lead to log-term impairment of health
Identify 5 nutritional exposures before and very early in pregnancy that disrupt fetal growth and development.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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