Summary: Excursion Iceland

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• 1 Hveragerdi

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• Plate tectonics (sea floor spreading) have strong effect on country. At what rate is the sea floor spreading and why does this differ over globe?

  1 cm to East and 1 cm to West.
  In the North, sea floor spreading rate is different than at the Tropics, due to the boll shape of the Earth.

• 2 Saturday: various places

• 2.1 Djórsá/Ölfusá

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• What is glacier in Icelandic?

  Langjökull (pronounced: Langjökutl)

• Electrical Conductivity (EC) / total dissolved solutes [microsimons/cl]

  Depends on amount of rain:
  lot of rain > solutes reduced > EC: 30-40 (very low value)
  
  Typical direct runoff river: 50-60-70
  
  GW river: not so much through pores/not so long flow through the soil. EC does not increase that much.
  
  Glacier flow: basically rainfall 30-40-50
  
  Very close to rainwater, glacier water, ice, etc.
  
  In NL could be EC: 400-800

• River water temperature:What are temperature ranges and why should you be careful with interpretting data?

  Winter: Low Q + low temp = ice jam could occur
  
  Summer:  could be 14-21 degrees
  Our sensor: 10 degrees
  
  21 degrees from Roels graph could be bc of the geothermal gradient heats up the 300 m3/s. Something is wrong with the sensor at this point.

• What type of river is the Ölfusá and what source is dominant during the summer and how can this be checked?

  Combined: glacier and direct runoff.
  
  Glacier will probably be dominated at this moment (summer).
  
  How can this be checked?
  

  • EC
  • Turbid or not: glacier water is high in sediments, thus turbidity  

• 2.2 Ytrí Rangá

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• Are Ytri Ranga and big infrastructure works related to hydropower works and a canal from upper reaches of Ytri Ranga - are there GW influence? Fixed GW in canal might influence constant baseflow into Ytri Ranga. Unclear whether this is the case, but boundaries might not be well defined in the upper part.

  Hypothesis is supported by geological map, since we are in the young geological features and fracture flow occurs, which could connect the canal with the upstream parts.

• Related to Mid Atlantic Ridge - Cracks in system are basis of development of drainage patterns (NE-SW for all 3 rivers). Young basaltic material, thus no dikes. Here there's an option for GW flow.Thus Ytri Ranga is a GW river, since it is not directly related to a glacier and the soil is permeable bc of the young rocks (thus no reason for direct runoff).

  • Q: 45 m3/s - 130 m3/s (2011-2012).

  • Peaks in December and March, bc of Gulfstream. Snow accumulates starting Sept, but melt can occur already in Dec/Jan, causing snowmelt peaks on frozen soil (due to warm period in winter). In spring again snowmelt, but that is regular seasonal snowmelt.
  • Clear river > no sediment > typical for GW fed river
  • EC: >200 mu/cl (very high for Icelandic standards)
  • Temp: 8ish degrees, very much yearly average
  • GW fed: predominantly fractured flow   

• 2.4 Skógafoss

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• Old cliff coast was here at the last Ice Age, new material has extended the land.

  Sea eroded material creating the cliff coast.
  Note the cliff coast is tilted, creating a drainage pattern where water discharges to the North.

• What is the Icelandic word for forest?

  Skóga

• What is the Icelandic word for waterfall?

  Foss(?)