Adaptief immuunsysteem

27 important questions on Adaptief immuunsysteem

What is the difference between B and T cells in function?

B cells produce antibodies that are widely distributed, interacting indirectly with other immune cells
T cells interact directly with other immune cells

What enzyme is crucial for the rearrangement of gene segments in Lymphocytes?

The RAG enzyme

WHat are the most abundant antibodies in the human body?

IgG1 and igG2 immunoglobulins
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What is the first type of immunoglobulin produced by an effector B cell?

IgM

Which antibody characterizes the secondary immune response of the adaptive immune system?

high affinity IgG

Make a rough estimate of lymph nodes in the human body

500-600

Which cell induces the adaptive immune response best? and where does this occur?

Dendritic cells are better APCs than macrophages. Dendritic cells travel to lymph nodes and present their found antigen.

To fully activate a naïve T cell a dendritic cell has to signal 3 times. What are these signals?

  1. Antigen presentation to TCR
  2. Costimulation to induce proliferation and survival
  3. Cytokine signals to differentiate into specific effector subsets

How do pathogens try to evade the immune system?

  • changing antigens
  • inhibit immune response
  • alter immune response

IgE is an antibody involved in allergies, but it also has another important role. What is this role for IgE?

Anti-parasite responses

Auto-immune diseases are usually rogue immune responses against the self. One cytokine in particular promotes the pro-inflammatory immune response, which one?

TNF-a

Tumor cells are great at inhibiting T-cell responses. A new immunotherapy (checkpoint inhibition) prevents the inhibitory effect of tumor cells on T-cells. How?

Antibodies specific to a 'backdoor' receptor (PD1) on T-cells block the binding of PD-1L expressed by tumor cells. Preventing tumor cell inhibition.

Where do B-cells reside inside the lymphoid organs?

In the lymphoid follicles which are located at the on the between the T-cel area and the organ membranes.

What is the role of the spleen in adaptive immunity?

It is like the kidneys for the lymphatic system. It removes damaged lymphatic cells and red blood cells. In addition, the spleen gives room for blood-found pathogen recognizion by the filtered lymphocytes.

How do the lymphoid organs in the gut work?

Mainly in the same fashion as other lymphoid organs. The pathogens arrive through M cells (the gatekeepers) and lymphocytes enter the mucuosal tissue via the blood and leave by efferent lymphatics.

How does negative receptor regulation in the adaptive immune system work?

Remove all T/B cells that have high 'self' affinity

Which immunoglobulin is the first to react?

IgM, it is pretty large my boy

B cells have 5 isotypes in their conservative part... what are they called?

IgG, M E D A

Why do B cells have an isotype switch from IgM/IgD to IgG?

To increase their affinity with the antigen.

What is the main difference between MHC-I and MHC-II?

MHC-I shows INSIDE components
MHC-II shows EXTRACELLULAR components

Why is MHC so polymorphic?

to display more peptide of pathogens as a population, survival bitch

What do the B cells do after they are stimulated by the T helper cells?

They will go to the germinal center and start somatic hypermutation to increase their affinity

By which immunoglobulin is the second immune response characterized?

High IgG responses

Which antibodies are most stable?

IgGs

What is the difference between neutralisation and opsonisation?

neutralisation: catching pathogens before they can bind anything
opsonisation: bind with a caught bacteria to an Fc receptor, tagging it for destruction

Explain the immune response phase 1

Only dendritic cells can activate naïve T cells
  1. Antigen presentation
  2. Costimulation (CD28)
  3. Cytokine/ligands skewing

Explain the immune response phase 2 during infection:

Migration from the lymphoid organs
Only 1 signal needed for effector function

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