About Human Development - Theory and research - Theoretical perspectives

40 important questions on About Human Development - Theory and research - Theoretical perspectives

What does an psychoanalytic perspective entail?

They view that human development is shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior.

What was the basic proposition of Freud's theory?

Powerful unconscious urges control behavior

What is the basic proposition of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

Personality is influenced by society and develops through a series of crises
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What is the basic proposition from Pavlov, Skinner, and Watson's behaviorism theory?

People respond to environmental stimulations

What is the causal emphasis on the behaviorism theory from Pavlov, Skinner, and Watson?

Experience

What is the basic proposition of the social learning theory from Bandura?

Children learn in a social context by observing and imitating models, and they are active contributors to learning.

What are the basic propositions for Piaget's cognitive stage theory?

- Qualitative changes in thought occur between infancy and adolescence.
- Children are active initiators of development.

What is the basic proposition in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

Social interaction is central to cognitive development

What is the basic proposition in Vygotsky's information processing theory?

Human beings are processors of symbols

What is the causal emphasis in Vygotsky's information processing theory?

The interaction of factors that are present in a certain individual since birth with experimental factors

What is the basic proposition of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory?

Development occurs through interaction between a developing person and 5 surrounding, interlocking contextual systems of influences. Microsystem --> chronosystem.

What is the basic proposition of Bowlby's attachment theory?

- Human beings are the product of adaptive processes.
- Evolutionary and biological bases for behavior and predisposition toward learning are important.

The definition of Freud's psychosexual development theory

An unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus to the genitals

What are the psychosexual stages in Freud's theory?

- Oral (birth to 12/18 months)
- Anal (12/18 months to 3 years)
- Phallic (3 years to 6 years)
- Latency (6 years to puberty)
- Genital (puberty through adulthood)

The definition of Erikson's psychosocial development theory

The socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego or self

What has to happen with these crises in personality?

They have to be satisfactorily resolved for healthy ego development

What is the definition of a learning perspective?

It's a view of human development that conclude that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaptation to the enviroment

What are the cognitive stages of Piaget's theory?

- Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational (2 years to 7 years)
- Concrete operations (7 years to 11 years)
- Formal operations (11 years through adulthood)

What is the definition of operant conditioning?

Learning based on the association of behavior with its consequences

What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

- Operant conditioning involves voluntary behavior
- operant conditioning involves the consequences
- classical conditioning involves predicting

What is the definition of reciprocal determinism?

It's a term Bandura used for bidirectional(moving in two different directions) forces that affect the development

What is the definition of cognitive-stage theory from Piaget?

It's a theory that children's cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving quantitatively distinct types of mental operations

What is the definition of organization within Piaget's theory?

Term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge

What is the definition of schemes within Piaget's theory?

Term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations

What is the definition of adaption within Piaget's theory?

Term for adjustments to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation and accomodation

What is the definition of equilibration within Piaget's theory?

Term for the tendency to seek stable balance among cognitive elements. This is achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation

What is the definition of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

Theory of how contextual factors affect children's development

What is the definition of zone of proximal development (ZPD) within Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

Term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help

What is the definition of the information-processing approach?

It's an approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information

What is the definition of contextual perspective?

View of human development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context

What is the definition of the bioecological theory?

It's Bronfenbrenner's approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence

What are the five levels of environmental influence?

- microsystem
- mesosystem
- exosystem
- macrosystem
- chronosystem

What does the microsystem consist of?

This is the everyday environment:
- home
- school
- work
- neighborhood
- face-to-face relationships

What does the mesosystem consist of?

The interlocking of various microsystems:
example school and home, parent teacher conference

What does the exosystem consist of?

Interactions between a microsystem and an outside system or institution:
example parent being able stay at home while child is born or not, has to with country rules.

What does the macrosystem consist of?

Overarching cultural patterns such as dominant beliefs, ideologies, and economic and political systems

What does the chronosystem consist of?

This system adds the dimension of time

What is the definition of an evolutionary/sociobiological perspective?

It's the view of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior

What does the survival of the fittest mean?

Individuals with heritable traits that make them better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce

What is the definition of evolutionary psychology?

It's the application of Darwinism principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behaviors

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