Diagnosis and Management of Acute Respiratory Failure

4 important questions on Diagnosis and Management of Acute Respiratory Failure

What are clinical manifestations of respiratory distress (4)

  • Altered mental status (agitation to somnolence)

  • Increased work of breathing (nasal flaring, respiratory muscles, tachypneu, or paradoxical breathing pattern)

  • Cyanosis of mucosal membranes (tongue, mouth)


  • Persperation, tachycardia, hypertension (catecholamine release)

What is paradoxical inspiration?

a state where the abdominal wall moves inward due to an upward movement of the diaphragma. ( muscle fatigue )

Air-Entrainment / Venturi Mask

  • 100% oxygen
  • FiO2 can be controlled  (24% - 50%) by changing the jet nozzle and adjust the flow rate
  • Useful for patients with COPD who require a degree of hypoxemia to sustain respiratory drive

High-flow, controlled oxygen
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Aerosol Face Mask

  • Nebulizer (=vernevelaar) + 100% oxygen

Moderate flow, variable-oxygen

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