Lectures - Peatlands
21 important questions on Lectures - Peatlands
How does peat disappear?
- Sea level changes and storm surge
- Extraction for fuel
- Drainage and oxidation
When is a peatland a peatland?
What is the difference between fens and (peat)bogs?
-> time
(Peat)bogs = wet all year, rainwater surpus
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What are the characteristics of fens?
Mineral availability = mineral rich
- minerogenic (soil)
- minerotrophic (plants)
- nutrient rich = eutrophic
- medium poor = mesotrophic
What are the characteristics of bogs?
Mineral availbility = mineral poor
- ombrogenic (soil)
- ombrotrophic (plants)
What does the water depth determine?
Which species is characteristic for bog peat?
What are the phases of development of organic sediment?
2. Reed dominates -> reed peat
3. Sedges dominate -> sedge peat
4. Trees dominate -> woody peat
How is the establishment of peat-moss?
- Peatmoss establishes once influence rainwater dominates over mineral-rich ground (or surface) water
- Approximately pH 5 or lower
- Oligotrophic conditions (nutrient poor) – otherwise Birch forest
What habitats are typical for peats?
2. Rich fen
3. Transitional mire
4. Alder swamp forest (on peat)
5. Atlantic raised bogs
What species are typical for natural eutrophic lakes?
What species are typical for rich fens?
- Hammarbya paludosa, Veenmosorchis, Bog orchid
- Scorpidium scorpioides, Rood schorpioenmos, Hooked scorpionmoss
What species are typical for alder swamp forests (on peat)?
- Thelypteris palustris, Moerasvaren, Marsh fern
- Iris pseudoacorus, Gele lis, Yellow iris
What species are typical for atlantic raised bogs?
- Sphagnum magellanicum, Hoogveenveenmos, Magellanic bogmoss
- Sphagnum cuspidatum, Waterveenmos, Feathery bogmoss
Why does woody peat occur closer to the river than Sphagnum peat?
What are distinct characteristics of peat-moss?
2) Retains water at three levels :
- level cell
- level plant
- level ecosystem
3) Reduces water loss by reflecting light when dry
Explain why restoration of peat bogs is focused on getting peat-moss back?
What happens when peat gets too dry?
- Water table level too deep below surface
- Loss of water retention properties soil
What happens when peat contains too many nutrients?
- Peat oxidation (decomposition) due to lower water tables
- Inlet of river water (West NL)
- Agricultural practice (fertilisation)
- Atmospheric deposition nitrogen
What happens when peat gets too isolated/
How do you effectively remove nutrients from peatlands?
● More extensive agricultural land-use (less or no fertiliser)
●Isolate hydrologically
Remove nutrients in soil
● Haymaking
●Remove nutrient rich topsoil (Sod-cutting/ peat extraction)
Reduce availability nutrients to plants
● Hydrology (influence iron-rich groundwater, natural fluctuations)
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