NBA10 comparative physiology: bioactive compounds
31 important questions on NBA10 comparative physiology: bioactive compounds
What shapes your gut?
- Environmental pressures over long evolutionary time spans
- you gut is shaped by what your ancestors ate
- Adaptations short term
- you are what you eat
Other models... Non-human primates
housing and costs
Adaptations short term; you are wat you eat
adaptation to fasting
- increase abundance of pept1
adaptation to protein in diet
- increase abundance of pept1
- increase transport via pept1
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Animal model for human intestine; summary; what needs to be taken into account
- relevance
- data
- cost
differences in gut physiology
- structure
- function
- diet
choice of model depends on your research question!
Animal model for human intestine; summary; what needs to be taken into account
- relevance
- data
- cost
differences in gut physiology
- structure
- function
- diet
choice of model depends on your research question!
What are the similarities between species?
- Purpose: convert food into molecules that can be absorbed and used by our body
- Aim: to achieve efficient nutrient extraction
- All vertebrates have:
- muscular tubular tracts lined with a single layer of epithelial cells
- related digestive enzymes and transporters
- similar hormonal control the digestive process
- organized nerve pathways
What are the differences between species? (where is the 'action' happening?)
- ruminant foregut fermenters
- cow and sheep
- non-ruminant foregut fermenters
- kangaroos and colobus monkeys
- hindgut fermenters
- horse
- autoenzyme-dependent digesters (predominately)
- pigs and humans
What are the differences between species
- guinea pigs
- rabbits
- pig
- humans
- Guinea pigs (545 cm/kg body weight)
- rabbits (192 cm/kg)
- pig (24 cm/kg)
- humans (14 cm/kg)
small intestine is generally shorter in carnivores than in herbivores
Why do we need animal intestinal physiology?
- As model for human intestine
- for animal nutrition
- human intestine
- large animal intestine
- small animal in
testine
- ex vivo
- in vitro
Trends in pet food
- Natural diets
- Personalised nutrition
- Maillard reactions
- palatability vs nutrient bioavailability & health
- Obesity
- satiety
- fibers for satiety and gut health
What are the challenges in animal nutrition for livestock ?
- resource efficiency
- emission reduction
- circular
- stimulate health
- gut health
- antibiotic reduction
Differences in size between species for the colon, caecum, small intestine and stomach
rat pig and human have large small intestines
rabbits have a larger caecum
rat and mouse have large stomach
guinea pig has the largest colon
What is the emission of the cows (-ruminants) and what are the solutions for it?
- methane
- nitrogen/ammonia
Solutions
- dietary
- feed additives
- tannins
- 3-nitrooxypropanol (blocking enzyme in last step of producing methane from hydrogen)
Timing and subject characteristics matter!
it goes up with food
also in age (in 60 the ph is higher)
Poultry ; Refluxes of food
animation ....
What are the structural and functional differences between species?
- Structure/morphology
- surface area
- volume
- function
- transit time
- enzymes and transporters
"the effect of eimeria maxima infection on the expression of amino acid and sugar transporters amino peptidase, as well as the di- and tri-peptide transporter PepT1, it not solely due to decreased feed intake"
What is the outcome of this study
- Diarrhea, anorexia and decreased weight gain
- Reduced expression peptide and AA transporters!!
Potential models for human gut physiology
- pigs
- rodents
Pigs; challenge in production
- Weaning after 28d
- diarrhoea + reduced growth
- long-lasting effect on gut health and disease susceptibility
compromised GI barrier development and function [when pigs are taken away from their mothers early in life]
- increased intestinal permeability
- immune suppression
- increased mast cell activity and numbers
- hyperactive enteric nervous system
Pigs - intestinal anatomy
- Possible microbial activity in stomach & ileum
- Longer small intestine
- Finger-shaped villi
- number of peers patches
- large intestinal difference (larger cecum, absent appendix, spiral colon)
bekijk de afbeelding goed!!
What happens when pigs are weaning?
- Reduced amino peptides activity during 3-5 days after weaning
- From proximal to distal small intestine (%)
What are the pro's and con's of pigs in intestinal research
- omnivores
- meal-eater
- similar small intestine (SI)
- similar SI transit time (3-4h)
- piglets for infants
- growing pig for adults
- training possible
- surgery for cannulation
Con:
- size for housing
- quantity of feed
- transgenic-possibilities
- gastric emptying
Added feed enzymes [strategies to increase digestibility]
- Phytases
- Carbohydrases (xylanase and glucanase)
- Proteases
Ileal digestibility of protein in pigs and rats
- preferred model for human
- ileal cannula
- testing multiple proteins
Rats
- ileal digesta via dissection
Ileal digestibility of protein in pigs and rats
- preferred model for human
- ileal cannula
- testing multiple proteins
Rats
- ileal digesta via dissection
How can enzymes added to the feed improve the digestibility of animal feeds? [phytases, carbohydrases, proteases]
- hydrolysis of specific chemical bonds
- elimination of nutrient encapsulating effect of cell walls
- breakdown of anti-nutritional factors
- solubilization (of insoluble NSP)
- complementation of enzymes (deficiency)
Phytase added feed enzymes; what needs to be known about it
- in plant seeds (beans, peas, cereals) storage of phosphorus
- anti-nutritional factor: complex formation protein, calcium, zink....
- increases endogenous secretions
- degraded by phytase
- insufficient in mammalian pancreatic & intestinal secretions
to increase phosphorus absorption:
- supplementation
- phytase in feed
- ±90% poultry diets
- ±70% pig diets
What happens with the following pigs
- Fed required level of protein = PC
- Fed low level of protein = NC
- Fed low level of protein + protease = PR
the diarrhoea is reduced by the proteases
Age and model animal
lactase will decrease after weaning
lipase increases after/during weaning
When are enzymes added to human nutrition?
- Pancreatic enzyme supplementation
- chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, cystic fibrosis (CF)
- pancreatic enzyme (Creon) improves phenylalanine digestibility
Which link is there between animal and human nutrition?
- Broilers
- improved performance
- immune response
- Humans
- improved n6-n3 ratio
- health implications
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