Brief introduction into immunology (Background reading) - Acquired (adaptive) immunity: mounting an immune response
14 important questions on Brief introduction into immunology (Background reading) - Acquired (adaptive) immunity: mounting an immune response
Where do bacteria live?
What happens when antibodies attach to a bacterium?
What happens when a virus wants to enter/enters a cell?
- Infected cells use their MHC molecules to put pieces of the invading microbes on the cell's surface, flagging down cytotoxic T lymphocytes to destroy the infected cell.
- Antibodies also can assist by attaching to and clearing viruses before they have a change to enter a cell.
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Which T helper cells are linked to arthritis and psoriasis?
- Th17 cells have ben shown to migrate towards the tissue of inflamed joint
- Here, they secrete IL-17, which in turn induces IL-6 and chemokines mobilising, recruiting and activating neutrophils.
How can Th22 be identified?
CD4+ T helper cells can be subdivided into 2 (3) different populations based on their cytokine profile:
- Th1 cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines like IFN-y and IL-2
- Th2 cells secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-4, IL-5 and Il-13.
- (Th17 cells were found to be involved in inflammatory disease. These cells produced the following cytokines: IL-17, IL-22, IL-26, TNFa and CCL20.)
When do naïve CD4+ T helper cells differentiate into the different T-helper populations?
By what is Th1 cell differentiation initiated?
By what is Th2 cell differentiation initiated?
By what is Th17 cell differentiation initiated?
How many different classes (including subclasses) of antibodies are there in humans?
- IgE
- IgD
- IgG: 1-4
- IgA: 1-2
- IgM
What is somatic hyper mutation (SHM)?
What is class switch recombination (CSR)?
This changes the antibody class and the way it is able to engage different effector cells in the immune response.
What is the difference between Th1 and Th2 helper cells?
- The main difference between Th1 and Th2 helper cells is that the Th1 helper cells generate immune responses against intracellular parasites, including bacteria and viruses
- whereas the Th2 helper cells generate immune responses against extracellular parasites including, helminths.
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