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Brief introduction into immunology (Background reading) - Introduction of the immune system (organs, cells and molecules)

17 important questions on Brief introduction into immunology (Background reading) - Introduction of the immune system (organs, cells and molecules)

What is the role of IgG in the immune defence strategy?

To coat microbes, speeding their uptake by other cells in the immune system.

What is the role of IgM in the immune defence strategy?

Kill bacteria and is a pentameric molecule

What is the role of IgA in the immune defence strategy?

Concentrates in body fluids (tears, saliva, the secretions of the respiratory tract and the digestive tract), guarding the entrances to the body
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What is the role of IgE in the immune defence strategy?

Protect against parasitic infections, responsible for the symptoms of allergy

What is the role of IgD in the immune defence strategy?

Remains attached to B cells and plays a key role in initiating early B-cell response

How do T cells work?

They do not recognise free-floating antigens (like B cells). Their surfaces contain specialised antibody-like receptors (T cell receptor = TCR) that see fragments of antigens on the surfaces of infected or cancerous cells.

In which 2 ways do T cells contribute to immune defence?

  1. Indirect (Th) by regulating immune response
  2. Direct (CTL) by attacking infected or cancerous cells

What do helper T cells (Th) do?

They coordinate immune responses by communicating with other cells. Some stimulate nearby B cells to produce antibody, others call in microbe-phagocytosing cells (phagocytes) and still others activate other T cells.

What do cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or killer T cells do?

These cells directly attack other cells carrying certain foreign or abnormal molecules on their surface. CTLs are especially useful for attacking viruses because viruses often hide from other parts of the immune system while they grow inside infected cells. CTLs recognise small fragments of these viruses peeking out form the cell membrane and launch an attack to kill the cell.

Which molecules are recognised by T cells?

T cells only recognise an antigen if it is carried on the surface of a cell by one of the body's own MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules. MHC molecules are proteins recognised by T cells when distinguishing between self and nonsself.

What are MHC class I molecules?

They are present on all nucleated cells of the body as all cells in the body can be infected with viruses or become tumours.

What are MHC class II molecules?

Present on antigen processing and presenting cells like macrophages, dendritic cells but also on B-lymphocytes.

What is the role of macrophages?

  • Scavengers, they rid the body of worn-out cells and other debris
  • They display bits of foreign antigen in a way that draw the attention of matching lymphocytes
  • They can secrete an amazing variety of powerful chemical signals, known as monokini, which are vital to the immune responses

What is a neutrophil?

A type of granulocyte, is also a phagocyte. It uses its pre-packaged chemicals to break down the microbes it ingests.

What are eosinophils and basophils?

They are granulocytes that 'degranulate', spraying their chemicals onto harmful cells or microbes nearby.

What is a mast cell?

The mast cell is a twin of the basophil, expect that is not a blood cell. Rather, it is found in the lungs, skin, tongue, and linings of the nose and intestinal tract, where it is responsible for the symptoms of allergy.

What does interleukin 2 (IL-2) do?

It triggers the immune system to produce T cells. IL-2's immunity-boosting properties have traditionally made it a promising treatment for several illnesses.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

Food Related Allergies and Intolerances (Immunological aspects)

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